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Psychology is the study of mind and behavior.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.apa.org/support/about/apa/psychology.aspx#answer )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.apa.org/about/index.aspx )〕 It is an academic discipline and an applied science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases.〔Fernald LD (2008). (''Psychology: Six perspectives'' ) (pp. 12–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.〕〔Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010.〕 In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. Psychologists explore concepts such as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind.〔Although psychoanalysis and other forms of depth psychology are most typically associated with the unconscious mind, behaviorists consider such phenomena as classical conditioning and operant conditioning, while cognitivists explore implicit memory, automaticity, and subliminal messages, all of which are understood either to bypass or to occur outside of conscious effort or attention. Indeed, cognitive-behavioral therapists counsel their clients to become aware of maladaptive thought patterns, the nature of which the clients previously had not been conscious.〕 Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. In addition, or in opposition, to employing empirical and deductive methods, some—especially clinical and counseling psychologists—at times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques. Psychology has been described as a "hub science",〔 Association for Psychological Science ''Observer'' (September 2007)〕 with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences, natural sciences, medicine, humanities, and philosophy. While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity. By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society.〔O'Neil, H.F.; cited in Coon, D.; Mitterer, J.O. (2008). (''Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior'' ) (12th ed., pp. 15–16). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.〕〔"The mission of the APA (Psychological Association ) is to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's lives"; APA (2010). (''About APA''. ) Retrieved 20 October 2010.〕 The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior, and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings (e.g., medical schools, hospitals). Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings, or in other areas〔Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010–11 Edition, Psychologists, on the Internet at (bls.gov ) (visited 8 July 2010).〕 such as human development and aging, sports, health, and the media, as well as in forensic investigation and other aspects of law. ==Etymology and definitions== The word ''psychology'' derives from Greek roots meaning study of the psyche, or soul (ψυχή ''psukhē'', "breath, spirit, soul" and -λογία ''-logia'', "study of" or "research").〔Online Etymology Dictionary. (2001). ("Psychology" ).〕 The Latin word ''psychologia'' was first used by the Croatian humanist and Latinist Marko Marulić in his book, ''Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae'' in the late 15th century or early 16th century.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Classics in the History of Psychology – Marko Marulic – The Author of the Term "Psychology" )〕 The earliest known reference to the word ''psychology'' in English was by Steven Blankaart in 1694 in ''The Physical Dictionary'' which refers to "Anatomy, which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of the Soul."〔(Steven Blankaart, p. 13) as quoted in "psychology n." A Dictionary of Psychology. Edited by Andrew M. Colman. Oxford University Press 2009. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. (oxfordreference.com )〕 In 1890, William James defined ''psychology'' as "the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions". This definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades. However, this meaning was contested, notably by radical behaviorists such as John Watson, who in his 1913 manifesto defined the discipline of psychology as the acquisition of information useful to the control of behavior. Also since James defined it, the term more strongly connotes techniques of scientific experimentation.〔Derek Russell Davis (DRD), "psychology", in Richard L. Gregory (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to the Mind'', second edition; Oxford University Press, 1987/2004; ISBN 978-0-19-866224-2 (pp. 763–764).〕〔John B. Watson, "(Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It )", ''Psychological Review'' 20.2, 1913.〕 Folk psychology refers to the understanding of ordinary people, as contrasted with that of psychology professionals.〔The term "folk psychology" is itself contentious: see Daniel D. Hutto & Matthew Ratcliffe (eds.), ''Folk Psychology Re-Assessed''; Dorndrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 2007; ISBN 978-1-4020-5557-7〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「psychology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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