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Psychosynthesis is an approach to psychology that was developed by Roberto Assagioli. He compared psychosynthesis to the prevailing thinking of the day, contrasting psychosynthesis for example with existential psychology, but unlike the latter considered loneliness not to be "either ultimate or essential".〔Assagioli, R. (1965). Psychosynthesis, p.5.〕 Assagioli asserted that "the direct experience of the self, of pure ''self-awareness''... - is true."〔 Spiritual goals of "self-realization" and the "interindividual psychosynthesis" - of 'social integration...the harmonious integration of the individual into ever larger groups up to the "one humanity"'〔Assaglioli, R. (1993). Psychosynthesis, p. 7 and p.5〕 - were central to Assagioli's theory.〔 Psychosynthesis was not intended to be a school of thought or an exclusive method 〔''A Psychology with a Soul: Psychosynthesis in Evolutionary Context'' by Jean Hardy, p. 20.〕 but many conferences and publications had it as a central theme and centres were formed in Italy and the United States in the 1960s. Psychosynthesis departed from the empirical foundations of psychology in that it studied a person as a personality and a soul 〔''A Psychology with a Soul: Psychosynthesis in Evolutionary Context'' by Jean Hardy, p.21.〕 but Assagioli continued to insist that it was scientific. He developed therapeutic methods beyond those found in psychoanalysis. Although the unconscious is an important part of his theory, Assagioli was careful to maintain a balance with rational, conscious therapeutical work. Assagioli was not the first to use the term "psychosynthesis". The earliest was by James Jackson Putnam, who used it as the name of his electroconvulsive therapy. The term was also used by Carl Jung and A. R. Orage, who were both far closer to Assagioli's thinking than Putnam. Carl Jung had written, comparing his goals to those of Sigmund Freud, "If there is a 'psychoanalysis' there must also be a 'psychosynthesis which creates future events according to the same laws'."〔Jung quoted in J. Kerr, ''A Dangerous Method'' (2012) pp. 214-5.〕 A. R. Orage, who was publisher of the influential The New Age journal, also made use of the term, which he hyphenated as psycho-synthesis. Orage formed an early psychology study group (which included Maurice Nicoll who later studied with Carl Jung) and concluded that what humanity needed was not psychoanalysis, but psycho-synthesis.〔A. R. Orage: On Love/Psychological Exercises: With Some Aphorisms & Other Essays, p.126〕 The term was also employed by Bezzoli.〔(Roberto Assagioli - his life and work ) A biography from Kentaur Institute in Denmark〕 Freud, however, was opposed to what he saw as the directive element in Jung's approach to psychosynthesis,〔J. Kerr, ''A Dangerous Method'' (2012) p. 489.〕 and argued for a spontaneous synthesis on the patient's part: "As we analyse...the great unity which we call his ego fits into itself all the instinctual impulses which before had been split off and held apart from it. The psycho-synthesis is thus achieved in analytic treatment without our intervention, automatically and inevitably."〔Sigmund Freud, "Lines of Advance in Psycho-Analytic Therapy" () in Neville Symington, ''Narcissism: A New Theory'' (London 2003) p. 110.〕 == Origins == In 1909, C.G. Jung wrote to Sigmund Freud of “a very pleasant and perhaps valuable acquaintance, our first Italian, a Dr. Assagioli from the psychiatric clinic in Florence”.〔McGuire, William, ed. (1974). The Freud/Jung Letters. Vol. XCIV, Bollingen Series. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 241〕 Later however, this same Roberto Assagioli (1888–1974) wrote a doctoral dissertation, “La Psicosintesi,” in which he began to move away from Freud’s psychoanalysis towards what he called psychosynthesis:
In developing psychosynthesis, Assagioli agreed with Freud that healing childhood trauma and developing a healthy ego were necessary aims of psychotherapy, but held that human growth could not be limited to this alone. A student of philosophical and spiritual traditions of both East and West, Assagioli sought to address human growth as it proceeded beyond the norm of the well-functioning ego; he wished also to support the blossoming of human potential into what Abraham Maslow 〔Maslow, Abraham. (1962). Toward a Psychology of Being. Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.〕 later termed self-actualization, and further still, into the spiritual or transpersonal dimensions of human experience as well. Assagioli envisioned an approach to the human being which could address both the process of personal growth—of personality integration and self-actualization—as well as transpersonal development—that dimension glimpsed for example in peak experiences (Maslow) of inspired creativity, spiritual insight, and unitive states of consciousness. In addition, psychosynthesis recognizes the process of Self-realization, of contact and response with one’s deepest callings and directions in life, which can involve either or both personal and transpersonal development. Psychosynthesis is therefore one of the earliest forerunners of both humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology, even preceding Jung’s break with Freud by several years. Assagioli’s conception has an affinity with existential-humanistic psychology and other approaches which attempt to understand the nature of the healthy personality, personal responsibility and choice, and the actualization of the personal self; similarly, his conception is related to the field of transpersonal psychology, with its focus on higher states of consciousness, spirituality, and human experiencing beyond the individual self. Accordingly, Assagioli served on the board of editors for both the ''Journal of Humanistic Psychology'' and the ''Journal of Transpersonal Psychology''. Assagioli presents the two major theoretical models in his seminal book, ''Psychosynthesis'',〔Assagioli, R. (1965). ''Psychosynthesis''. New York: The Viking Press.〕 models that have remained fundamental to psychosynthesis theory and practice through the years. These two models are 1) a diagram and description of the human person, and the other 2) a stage theory of the process of psychosynthesis (see below). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「psychosynthesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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