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The Pulmonata, or "pulmonates", are an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families. The taxon Pulmonata as traditionally defined was found to be polyphyletic in a molecular study per Jörger ''et al.'', dating from 2010.〔 Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous Period to the present.〔(in Czech) Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R. 1996. ''Základy zoopaleontologie''. Olomouc, 264 pp., ISBN 80-7067-599-3.〕 Pulmonates have a single auricle and kidney, and a concentrated, symmetrical, nervous system. The mantle cavity is located on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic, and some groups possess love darts. ==Linnean taxonomy== The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997) was as follows: Order Pulmonata Cuvier in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates *Suborder Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948 * * *Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815 * * *Superfamily Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855 * * *Superfamily Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889 *Suborder Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 - freshwater pulmonates, pond snails * * *Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931 * * *Superfamily Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840 * * *Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855 * * *Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986 * * *Superfamily Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815 * * *Superfamily Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815 * * *Superfamily Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840 *Suborder Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990 * *Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata * * *Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851 * *Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975 * * *Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959 * *Infraorder Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856 - land snails * * *Subinfraorder Orthurethra * * *Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873 * * *Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900 * * *Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900 * * *Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831 * * *Subinfraorder Sigmurethra * * *Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895 * * *Superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840 * * *Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960 * * *Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840 * * *Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879 * * *Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895 * * *Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864 * * *Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921 * * *Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866 * * *Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 * * *Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877 * * *Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815 * * *Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855 * * *Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860 * * *Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900 * * *Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894 * * *Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864 * * *Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893 * * *Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895 * * *Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931 * * *Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806 * * *Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926 * * *Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882 * * *Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864 * * *? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata * * *? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pulmonata」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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