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Pumpernickel (; ) is a typically heavy, slightly sweet rye bread traditionally made with coarsely ground rye. It is often made with a combination of rye flour and whole rye berries. At one time it was traditional peasant fare, but largely during the 20th century various forms became popular through delicatessens and supermarkets. ==Europe== Pumpernickel has been long associated with the Westphalia region of Germany, first referred to in print in 1450. Although it is not known whether this and other early references refer to precisely the bread that came to be known as ''Pumpernickel'', Westphalian pumpernickel is distinguished by use of coarse rye flour—rye meal and a very long baking period, which gives the bread its characteristic dark color. Like most traditional all-rye breads, pumpernickel is traditionally made with an acidic sourdough starter, which preserves dough structure by counteracting highly active rye amylases. That method is sometimes augmented or replaced in commercial baking by adding citric acid or lactic acid along with commercial yeast.〔From the label of a German-style ''Pumpernickel'' sold by Trader Joe's in eastern Massachusetts.〕 Traditional German ''Pumpernickel'' contains no coloring agents, instead relying on the Maillard reaction to produce its characteristic deep brown color, sweet, dark chocolate, coffee flavor, and earthy aroma. To achieve this, loaves are baked in long narrow lidded pans 16 to 24 hours in a low-temperature (about 250°F or 120°C), steam-filled oven. Like the French ''pain de mie'', Westphalian pumpernickel has little or no crust. It is very similar to rye ''Vollkornbrot'', a dense rye bread with large amounts of whole grains added. While true ''Pumpernickel'' is produced primarily in Germany, versions are popular in the Netherlands, under the name ''Roggebrood'', where it has been a common part of the diet for centuries.〔http://www.bakkerijmuseum.nl/kalwiblo/index.php?t=2&h=5&s=8#Minderwaardig〕 German pumpernickel is often sold sliced in small packets in supermarkets, where it may be paired with caviar, smoked salmon, sturgeon, and other expensive products on an hors d'oeuvres tray. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pumpernickel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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