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pygostylia
Pygostylia is a group of avialans which includes the Confuciusornithidae and all of the more advanced species, the Ornithothoraces.
==Definition==
The group Pygostylia was intended to encompass all avialans with a short, stubby tail, as opposed to the long, reptilian tails of more primitive species like ''Archaeopteryx lithographica''. It was named by Sankar Chatterjee in 1997.〔Chatterjee, S. 1997. ''The Rise of Birds.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 312 pp.〕 Louis Chiappe later defined Pygostylia as a node-based clade, "the common ancestor of the Confuciusornithidae and Neornithes plus all its descendants".〔 In 2001, Jaques Gauthier and Kevin De Queiroz recommended that Chatterjee's original apomorphy-based clade concept be used instead of Chiappe's node-based definition,〔Gauthier, J., & De Queiroz, K. (2001). Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name" Aves. ''New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds'', 7-41.〕 but this recommendation has been inconsistently followed. Louis Chiappe and co-authors continue to use Chiappe's definition, often attributing authorship of the name to Chiappe 2001 or Chiappe 2002 rather than to Chatterjee.
Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Lefèvre ''et al.'', 2014:
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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