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In Islam, Qira'at, which means literally the readings, terminologically means the method of recitation. Traditionally, there are 10 recognised schools of qira'at, and each one derives its name from a famous reader of Quran recitation. ==Revelation of the Quran in Seven Ahrûf== According to hadith literature, the Quran is revealed in seven ahruf (the plural of ''harf''). The most famous of those hadiths is reported in the Muwatta compiled by Malik ibn Anas. Malik Ibn Anas has reported:〔Malik Ibn Anas, Muwatta, vol. 1 (Egypt: Dar Ahya al-Turath, n.d.), 201, (no. 473).〕 :''Abd Al-Rahman Ibn Abd al-Qari'' narrated: “ Umar Ibn al-Khattab said before me: I heard ''Hisham Ibn Hakim Ibn Hizam'' reading Surat Al-Furqan in a different way from the one I used to read it, and the Prophet himself had read out this surah to me. Consequently, as soon as I heard him, I wanted to get hold of him. However, I gave him respite until he had finished the prayer. Then I got hold of his cloak and dragged him to the Prophet. I said to him: “I have heard this person (Ibn Hakim Ibn Hizam ) reading Surah Al Furqan in a different way from the one you had read it out to me.” The Prophet said: “Leave him alone (‘Umar ).” Then he said to Hisham: “Read ().” (said: ) “He read it out in the same way as he had done before me.” (this, ) the Prophet said: “It was revealed thus.” Then the Prophet asked me to read it out. So I read it out. (this ), he said: “It was revealed thus; this Quran has been revealed in Seven ''Ahruf''. You can read it in any of them you find easy from among them. Suyuti, a famous 15th century Islamic theologian concludes his discussion of this hadith:〔Suyuti, Tanwir al-Hawalik, 2nd ed. (Beirut: Dar al-Jayl, 1993), 199.〕 Many reports contradict presence of variant readings:〔Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Mizan, ''(Principles of Understanding the Qu'ran )'', Al-Mawrid〕 *''Abu Abd Al-Rahman al-Sulami'' reports, "the reading of Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Zayd ibn Thabit and that of all the Muhajirun and the Ansar was the same. They would read the Quran according to the ''Qira’at al-‘ammah''. This is the same reading which was read out twice by the Prophet to Gabriel in the year of his death. Zayd ibn Thabit was also present in this reading () the ''‘Ardah-i akhirah''. It was this very reading that he taught the Quran to people till his death".〔Zarkashi, al-Burhan fi Ulum al-Qur’an, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1980), 237.〕 *Ibn Sirin writes, "the reading on which the Quran was read out to the prophet in the year of his death is the same according to which people are reading the Quran today".〔Suyuti, al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur’an, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Baydar: Manshurat al-Radi, 1343 AH), 177.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「qira'at」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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