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In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah. This title derives from the Hebrew word ' (:ˈʁäbi), meaning "My Master" (irregular plural רבנים ' (:ʁäbäˈnim)), which is the way a student would address a master of Torah. The word "master" רב ' (:ˈʁäv) literally means "great one". The basic form of the rabbi developed in the Pharisaic and Talmudic era, when learned teachers assembled to codify Judaism's written and oral laws. In more recent centuries, the duties of the rabbi became increasingly influenced by the duties of the Protestant Christian minister, hence the title "pulpit rabbis", and in 19th-century Germany and the United States rabbinic activities including sermons, pastoral counseling, and representing the community to the outside, all increased in importance. Within the various Jewish denominations there are different requirements for rabbinic ordination, and differences in opinion regarding who is to be recognized as a rabbi. Orthodox Judaism does not ordain women as rabbis, but other strands do.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Orthodox Women To Be Trained As Clergy, If Not Yet as Rabbis – )〕 ==Etymology== The word ''rabbi'' derives from the Semitic root R-B-B, in Hebrew script ''rav'', which in biblical Aramaic means ‘great’ in many senses, including "revered", but appears primarily as a prefix in construct forms.〔Heinz-Josef Fabry entry ''Rab'' in ''Theological dictionary of the Old Testament'' Vol.13 p273-5 ed. G. Johannes Botterweck, :sv:Helmer Ringgren, Fabry 2004 p273 "RAB... is also well attested in Phoenician.9 Here too rab functions as a title; its specific meaning can be determined only by its relationship to other offices and functions.10 Aramaic in all its dialects makes copious use of this root."〕 Although the usage ''rabbim'' "many" (as 1 Kings 18:25, הָרַבִּים) "the majority, the multitude" occurs for the assembly of the community in the Dead Sea scrolls there is no evidence to support an association with the later title "Rabbi."〔Fabry entry ''Rab'' in ''Theological dictionary of the Old Testament'' Volume 13 – Page 298 G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry – 2004 "There is no evidence to support an association, commonly cited in discussions of this usage.160 with the use of the title "Rabbi" ... Already suggested by M. Burrows and repeated by Carmignac, 584 "〕 The root is cognate to Arabic ربّ ''rabb'', meaning "lord" (generally used when talking about God, but also about temporal lords). As a sign of great respect, some great rabbis are simply called "The Rav". Rabbi is not an occupation found in the Hebrew Bible, and ancient generations did not employ related titles such as ''Rabban'', ''Ribbi'', or ''Rab'' to describe either the Babylonian sages or the sages in Israel.〔This is evident from the fact that Hillel I, who came from Babylon, did not have the title ''Rabban'' prefixed to his name.〕 The titles "Rabban" and "Rabbi" are first mentioned in the Mishnah (c. 200 CE). The term was first used for Rabban Gamaliel the elder, Rabban Simeon his son, and Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai, all of whom were patriarchs or presidents of the Sanhedrin.〔The title ''Ribbi'' too, came into vogue among those who received the laying on of hands at this period, as, for instance, Ribbi Zadok, Ribbi Eliezer ben Jacob, and others, and dates from the time of the disciples of Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai downward. Now the order of these titles is as follows: ''Ribbi'' is greater than ''Rab''; ''Rabban'' again, is greater than ''Ribbi''; while the simple name is greater than ''Rabban''. Besides the presidents of the Sanhedrin no one is called ''Rabban''.〕 The title "Rabbi" occurs (in Greek transliteration ῥαββί ''rhabbi'') in the books of Matthew, Mark, and John in the New Testament, where it is used in reference to "Scribes and Pharisees" as well as to Jesus.〔''Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament'' by Wigram, George V.; citing Matthew 26:25, Mark 9:5 and John 3:2 (among others)〕〔Catherine Hezser ''The social structure of the rabbinic movement in Roman Palestine'' 1997 -Page 59 "b – Rabbi as an Honorary Address ... Since Jesus was called "Rabbi" but did not conform to the traditional image of post-70 Jewish rabbis, and since pre-70 sages do not bear the title "Rabbi" in the Mishnah,29 most scholars assume that the meaning and usage of the term "Rabbi" at the time of Jesus differed from the meaning which it acquired after the destruction of the Temple: in pre-70 times, "Rabbi" was used as an unofficial honorary address for any person held in high esteem; after 70 it was almost exclusively applied to ordained teachers of the Law.30 The arguments brought forth in support of the first part of the theory, that is a general address, are as follows: "〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「rabbi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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