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Rafida, also transliterated as Rafidah, is an Arabic word (collective plural ; multiple plural ; singular ) meaning "rejectors", "those who reject" or "those who refuse". The word is derived from the Arabic consonantal root ر ف ض, which as a verb means "to reject". The non-collective singular form is ''rāfiḍī'' "one who rejects". This is an Islamic term which refers to those who, in the opinion of the person using the term, reject legitimate Islamic authority and leadership. Those being called ''rafida'' generally consider it to be a pejorative appellation, a negative affect, and an abusive nickname.〔Kohlberg, Etan ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 99, No.4 (Oct.- Dec., 1979), pp. 677-679〕 The term is used contemporarily in a derogatory manner by Sunni Muslims, especially Salafis, who refer to Shia Muslims as such because Shia Muslims do not recognize Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman as the legitimate successors of Muhammad, and hold Ali to be the rightful first successor.〔Islam QA, (Question # 220687: The relationship between Jews and baatini (esoteric) sects ), retrieved on 27 July 2015. ''He (Abdullah ibn Saba') was the first one to state that ‘Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) should have been the ruler on the basis of religious texts, and that he would return before the Day of Resurrection. He was also the first to openly cast aspersions upon the first three caliphs and the Sahaabah. All of these beliefs are fundamental to the view of the Raafidis.''〕 ==Origin== The term ''rafida'' followed the Shi'a from a very early period, originating in the uprising of Zayd ibn Ali against the Umayyad Caliphate. ''Rafida'' referred to those Kufan Shi'ites who deserted and rejected Zayd, at the last minute, when he refused to repudiate and condemn the first three Rashidun Caliphs, whose rule, he argued, had been accepted by Ali himself. Zayd's uprising foreshadowed the collapse of the dynasty, which in turn led to the split between those Shi'a Muslims who agreed with Zayd and those who did not.〔 The meaning of the term went through several changes over time. It became a popular pejorative term for Twelvers, intended to recall their rejection of Zayd ibn Ali and of the first Sunni Rashidun, namely Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman.〔 There is much debate of the exact origin of ''rafida''; one example of an early instance is from the ''Maḥāsin'' of Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Barqī, who died in 888 CE. A section of the ''Maḥāsin'' reveals occasions of the use of ''rafida'' ascribed to Ja'far al-Sadiq: A man came to Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq saying that someone had warned him against becoming a Rafidhi and Imam Ja'far replied "By Allah, this name which Allah has granted you is excellent, as long as you follow our teaching and do not attribute lies to us." Muhammad al-Baqir also mentioned an instance when he pointed at himself stating "I am one of the Rafidha."〔 Mughira ibn Shu'ba is said to have coined the term ''rafida'' against those who had rejected him.〔Wasserstrom, Steve. ''History of Religions,'' Vol. 25, No. 1 (Aug., 1985), pp. 1-29〕 Others refer to another historical text for its origin. Ja'far al-Sadiq believed that ''rafida'' was an honorific given first by God and preserved in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament: he mentioned that there were 70 men among the people of Pharaoh who rejected him and his ways and rather joined Moses, and God called those 70 men ''Rafida''. The Twelvers believe that after the death of Muhammad, they were the only ones who rejected evil, making them the successors of the original Rafida.〔Kohlberg, E. "al-Rafida or al-Rawafid." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.'' Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010. Brill Online.〕 They considered their rejection of evil to be leaving the power of Zayd ibn 'Ali and staying true to the ways of Ali. However, the term does not appear in the Qur'an. There are also those who insist that rafida was mentioned in the original texts, but the enemies later deleted the context including rafida.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「rafida」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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