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In warfare, ramming is a technique used in air, sea, and land combat. The term originated from battering ram, a siege weapon used to bring down fortifications by hitting it with the force of the ram's momentum. Thus, in warfare, ramming refers to hitting a target by running oneself into the target. Today, hand-held battering rams are one tool among many used by law enforcement and military personnel for door breaching.〔(Eastern Arizona Courier. Jon Johnson. 31 August 2008. ''Police nab stalker in women’s attic'' )〕 Forcible entry by criminals has been implemented using such methods as vehicles rammed into buildings.〔()〕 ==Naval warfare== (詳細はgalleys of Imperial Rome. The ancient Greeks used their trireme vessels for ramming as well. In ancient China, rams were largely unknown, as the lack of a keel and the flat shape of the junk's bow was not conducive to the build of an elongated underwater spur. The ram's first recorded use in modern times between major warships, however, was in the American Civil War, at the battle of Hampton Roads, when the armoured Confederate warship ''Virginia'' rammed the Union frigate , sinking her almost immediately. Another significant success of the ram in wartime was at the 1866 battle of Lissa, between Italy and Austria. The Italian ironclad ''Re d'Italia'' had been damaged aft by gunfire, and had no rudder. Lying helpless in the water, she was struck amidships by the Austrian ''Ferdinand Max'', the flagship of the Austrian Commander-in-Chief Admiral Tegetthoff. The Austrian ship retreated unharmed as the Italian vessel rolled over and sank. During the War of the Pacific, the Peruvian ironclad ''Huáscar'' repeatedly rammed the Chilean corvette ''Esmeralda'', sinking the wooden steam- and wind-powered ship. During World War I, rammed and sunk German submarine . This was an incidental use of the ship's bow, however. In 1918, the British luxury ocean liner RMS ''Olympic'' rammed SM ''U-103'' in which the submarine sustained such heavy damage that its crew was forced to scuttle and abandon ship. In World War II, naval ships often rammed other vessels, though this was often due to circumstances, as considerable damage could be caused to the attacking ship. The damage that lightly constructed destroyers took from the tactic led to it being officially discouraged by the Royal Navy from early 1943, after the was dry-docked for three months following sinking ''U-357'' in December 1942 and was torpedoed and sunk following damaging her propellers during the ramming of ''U-444'' in March 1943. USS ''Buckley'' rammed ''U-66''; and HMS ''Easton'' rammed ''U-458''. On 29 January 1943, the Japanese submarine ''I-1'' was rammed and wrecked by the New Zealand naval trawlers, ''Kiwi'' and ''Moa'' in shallow water at Kamimbo Bay, Guadalcanal, during Operation Ke. The submarine of 2,135 tons was much larger and more heavily armed than the minesweeping trawlers of 607 tons each. On 5 November 1942, the Finnish submarine ''Vetehinen'' rammed the Soviet submarine Щ 305 in the Sea of Åland and sank it. ''Vetehinen'' was on a night patrol searching for Soviet submarines. A contact was found, and after confirmation of an enemy contact, ''Vetehinen'' launched a torpedoes, which missed probably due being fired at too short distance. ''Vetehinen'' then opened fire with its deck guns and managed to damage the Soviet submarine, which by then had started an emergency dive. The Captain of ''Vetehinen'', determined not to let the submarine escape, ordered his submarine to ram the other vessel, which at last was a success. During anti-submarine action, ramming was an alternative if the destroyer was too close to the surfaced submarine for her main guns to fire into the water. The tactic was used by the famous British anti-submarine specialist Captain Frederic John Walker from December 1941 to the end of the war. The British destroyer (formerly the USS ''Buchanan'', supplied under Lend-Lease) was disguised as a German destroyer for the purpose of ramming the gates of the Normandie dry dock at St. Nazaire on 28 March 1942. This was to prevent the Normandie dock ever being used by the German battleship ''Tirpitz''. It was the only dock on the Nazi-occupied Atlantic coast capable of repairing such a large vessel. The operation was a success, and a large explosive time bomb charge hidden in the bow of the ship exploded the next day, putting the dock out of commission for five years. ''PT-109'' was rammed and crushed by a Japanese destroyer, though the incident was at night and the PT-boat was idling to avoid detection, making it doubtful the destroyer's actions were intentional. Lt. Commander Gerard Roope, the captain of , was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for the 1940 ramming of the German cruiser following a close-range action in bad weather off the Norwegian coast. More recent claims suggest that the ''Hipper'' was actually attempting to ram the ''Glowworm'' and the two ships simply collided. In 1988, two US naval ships, destroyer and cruiser , were lightly rammed by Soviet Mirka II class light frigate (FFL 824) and Burevestnik class frigate ''Bezzavetny'' (FFG 811) inside contested Soviet territorial waters in the Black Sea, near the port of Foros. None of the ships involved suffered significant damage. During the "Cod Wars" between Britain and Iceland, unarmed fishing trawlers found themselves opposed by Icelandic Coastguard vessels and converted trawlers. As well as Royal Navy coastguard vessels, Britain sent large, ocean-going tugs and lightships to protect them and there were numerous ramming incidents against both sides, sometimes with very serious consequences. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ramming」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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