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Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner or item to extort money or property to secure their release, or it may refer to the sum of money involved. In an early German law, a similar concept was called weregild. When ransom means "payment", the word comes via Old French ''rançon'' from Latin ''redemptio'' = "buying back": compare "redemption". In Judaism ransom is called ''kofer-nefesh'' ((ヘブライ語:כפר נפש)). Among other uses, the word was applied to the poll tax of a half shekel to be paid by every male above twenty years at the census. == Ransom cases == Julius Caesar was captured by pirates near the island of Pharmacusa, and held until someone paid 50 talents to free him.〔Plutarch, ("The Life of Julius Caesar" ) in ''The Parallel Lives'', Loeb Classical Library edition, 1919, Vol. VII, p. 445. The pirates originally demanded 20 talents, but Caesar felt he was worth more. After he was freed he came back, captured the pirates, took their money and eventually crucified all of them, a fate he had threatened the incredulous pirates with during his captivity.〕 In Europe during the Middle Ages, ransom became an important custom of chivalric warfare. An important knight, especially nobility or royalty, was worth a significant sum of money if captured, but nothing if he was killed. For this reason, the practice of ransom contributed to the development of heraldry, which allowed knights to advertise their identities, and by implication their ransom value, and made them less likely to be killed out of hand. Examples include Richard the Lion Heart and Bertrand du Guesclin. The abduction of Charley Ross on July 1, 1874 is considered to be the first American kidnapping for ransom. In 1532, Francisco Pizarro was paid a ransom amounting to a roomful of gold by the Inca Empire before having their leader Atahualpa, his victim, executed in a ridiculous trial. The ransom payment received by Pizarro is recognized as the largest ever paid to a single individual, probably over $2 billion in today's economic markets. East Germany, which built the Inner German border to stop emigration, practiced ransom with people. East German citizens could emigrate through the semi-secret route of being ransomed by the West German government in a process termed ''Freikauf'' (literally the buying of freedom).〔Buckley (2004), p. 104〕 Between 1964 and 1989, 33,755 political prisoners were ransomed. West Germany paid over 3.4 billion DM—nearly $2.3 billion at 1990 prices—in goods and hard currency.〔Hertle (2007), p. 117.〕 Those ransomed were valued on a sliding scale, ranging from around 1,875 DM for a worker to around 11,250 DM for a doctor. For a while, payments were made in kind using goods that were in short supply in East Germany, such as oranges, bananas, coffee and medical drugs. The average prisoner was worth around 4,000 DM worth of goods.〔Buschschluter (1981-10-11).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ransom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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