|
Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration perpetrated against a person without that person's consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority or against a person who is incapable of valid consent, such as one who is unconscious, incapacitated, or below the legal age of consent.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=''Merriam-Webster'' )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=''World Health Organization'' )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=dictionary.reference.com )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com )〕 The term ''rape'' is sometimes used interchangeably with the term ''sexual assault.'' The rate of reporting, prosecuting and convicting for rape varies considerably in different jurisdictions. Internationally, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2010 varied between 0.2 in Azerbaijan per 100,000 people and 92.9 per 100,000 people in Botswana with 6.3 per 100,000 people in Lithuania as the median.〔("Rape at the National Level, number of police recorded offenses". ) United Nations.〕 According to the American Medical Association (1995), sexual violence, and rape in particular, is considered the most underreported violent crime.〔American Medical Association (1995) Sexual Assault in America. AMA.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A gap or a chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases )〕 Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by persons the victim knows,〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Statistics | Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network )〕〔Alberto R. Gonzales et al. (Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Rape Victimization: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey ). U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. January 2006〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rape and sexual assault of women: findings from the British Crime Survey )〕 and several studies argue that male-on-male and female-on-female prison rapes are common and may be the least reported forms of rape.〔Human Rights Watch(No Escape: Male Rape In U.S. Prisons. Part VII. Anomaly or Epidemic: The Incidence of Prisoner-on-Prisoner Rape. ); estimates that 100,000–140,000 violent male-male rapes occur in U.S. prisons annually; compare with (FBI statistics ) that estimate 90,000 violent male-female rapes occur annually.〕〔Robert W. Dumond, "Ignominious Victims: Effective Treatment of Male Sexual Assault in Prison," August 15, 1995, p. 2; states that "evidence suggests that (sexual assault in prison ) may a staggering problem"). Quoted in 〕〔; reports that "Greater percentages of men (70%) than women (29%) reported that their incident resulted in oral, vaginal, or anal sex. More men (54%) than women (28%) reported an incident that was classified as rape."〕 When part of a widespread and systematic practice during international conflict, rape and sexual slavery are recognized as crimes against humanity and war crimes. Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted ethnic group. People who have been raped can be severely traumatized and may suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder; in addition to psychological harm resulting from the act, rape may cause physical injury, or have additional effects on the victims, such as the acquiring of sexually transmitted infections or becoming pregnant. Furthermore, following a rape, a victim may face violence or threats thereof from the rapist, and, in some cultures, from the victim's own family and relatives. ==Etymology of term== The term ''rape'' originates in the Latin ''rapere'' (supine stem ''raptum''), "to snatch, to grab, to carry off".〔Corinne J. Saunders, ''Rape and Ravishment in the Literature of Medieval England'', Boydell & Brewer, 2001, p. 20.〕〔Keith Burgess-Jackson, ''A Most Detestable Crime: New Philosophical Essays on Rape'', Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, p.16.〕 Since the 14th century, the term has come to mean "to seize and take away by force".〔 In Roman law the carrying off of a woman by force, with or without intercourse, constituted "raptus".〔 In Medieval English law the same term could refer to either kidnapping or rape in the modern sense of "sexual violation".〔 The original meaning of "carry off by force" is still found in some phrases, such as "rape and pillage" or in titles, such as the story of the Rape of the Sabine Women or the poem ''The Rape of the Lock'', which is about the theft of a lock of hair. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「rape」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|