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A reactionary is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the ''status quo ante'', the previous political state of society, which possessed characteristics (discipline, respect for authority, etc.) that he or she thinks are negatively absent from the contemporary ''status quo'' of a society. As an adjective, the word ''reactionary'' describes points of view and policies meant to restore the ''status quo ante''.〔''The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought'' Third Edition, (1999) p. 729.〕 Political reactionaries are at the right-wing of a political spectrum; yet, reactionary ideologies can be radical, in the sense of political extremism, in service to re-establishing the ''status quo ante''. In political discourse, being considered a reactionary is generally regarded as negative; yet the descriptor ''political reactionary'' has been adopted by the likes of the Austrian monarchist Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn,〔(''Credo of a Reactionary' ) by Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn - The American Mercury, under his alias Francis Stuart Campbell〕 the Scottish journalist Gerald Warner of Craigenmaddie, the Colombian political theologist Nicolás Gómez Dávila, and the Hungarian historian John Lukacs.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Confessions of an Original Sinner: John Lukacs: 9781890318123: Amazon.com: Books )〕 == History and usage == The French Revolution gave the English language three politically descriptive words denoting anti-progressive politics: ''reactionary'', ''conservative'' and ''right''. ''Reactionary'' derives from the French word ''réactionnaire'' (a late eighteenth-century coinage based on the word ''réaction'', "reaction"), and ''conservative'' from ''conservateur'', identifying monarchist parliamentarians opposed to the revolution.〔''The Governments of Europe'', Frederic Austin OGG, Rev. Ed., The MacMillan Co., 1922, p. 485.〕 In this French usage, ''reactionary'' denotes "a movement towards the reversal of an existing tendency or state" and a "return to a previous condition of affairs." The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' cites the first English-language usage in 1799 in a translation of Lazare Carnot's letter on the Coup of 18 Fructidor. During the French Revolution, conservative forces (especially within the Roman Catholic Church) organized opposition to the progressive sociopolitical and economic changes brought by the revolution, and fought to restore the temporal authority of the Church and Crown. In nineteenth-century European politics, the ''reactionary class'' included the Roman Catholic Church's hierarchy—the clergy, the aristocracy, royal families, and royalists—believing that national government is the sole domain of the Church and the state. In France, supporters of traditional rule by direct heirs of the House of Bourbon dynasty were labeled the ''legitimist reaction''. In the Third Republic, the monarchists were the ''reactionary faction'', later renamed ''conservative''.〔 These forces also saw "reaction" as a legitimate response to the often rash "action" of the French Revolution; hence there is nothing inherently derogatory in the term ''reactionary'', and it is sometimes also used describe the principle of waiting for an opponent's action to take part in a general reaction. In Protestant Christian societies, ''reactionary'' has described those supporting tradition against modernity. In the nineteenth century, ''reactionary'' denoted people who idealised feudalism and the pre-modern era—before the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution—when economies were mostly agrarian, a landed aristocracy dominated society, a hereditary king ruled and the Roman Catholic Church was society's moral center. Those labeled as ''reactionary'' favored the aristocracy instead of the middle class and the working class. Reactionaries opposed democracy and parliamentarism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「reactionary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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