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Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.〔("So We Need Something Else for Reason to Mean" ), ''International Journal of Philosophical Studies'' 8: 3, 271 — 295.〕 It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, language, mathematics, and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature.〔 Compare: 〕 The concept of reason is sometimes referred to as rationality and sometimes as discursive reason, in opposition to intuitive reason.〔(Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 6 – The Intellectual Virtues )〕 Reason or "reasoning" is associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect. Reason, like habit or intuition, is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea. For example, it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect, truth and falsehood, and what is good or bad. It is also closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change beliefs, attitudes, traditions, and institutions, and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination.〔Michel Foucault, "What is Enlightenment?" in ''The Essential Foucault'', eds. Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose, New York: The New Press, 2003, 43-57. See also Nikolas Kompridis, "The Idea of a New Beginning: A Romantic Source of Normativity and Freedom," in ''Philosophical Romanticism'', New York: Routledge, 2006, 32-59; ("So We Need Something Else for Reason to Mean" ), ''International Journal of Philosophical Studies'' 8: 3, 271 — 295.〕 In contrast to reason as an abstract noun, a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event, phenomenon or behaviour.〔(Merriam-Webster.com ) Merriam-Webster Dictionary definition of reason〕 The field of logic studies ways in which human beings reason through argument. Psychologists and cognitive scientists have attempted to study and explain how people reason, e.g. which cognitive and neural processes are engaged, and how cultural factors affect the inferences that people draw. The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally. Animal psychology considers the question of whether animals other than humans can reason. ==Etymology and related words== In the English language and other modern European languages, "reason", and related words, represent words which have always been used to translate Latin and classical Greek terms in the sense of their philosophical usage. *The original Greek term was ''logos'', the root of the modern English word "logic" but also a word which could mean for example "speech" or "explanation" or an "account" (of money handled).〔. For etymology of English "logic" see any dictionary such as (the Merriam Webster entry for logic ).〕 *As a philosophical term ''logos'' was translated in its non-linguistic senses in Latin as ''ratio''. This was originally not just a translation used for philosophy, but was also commonly a translation for ''logos'' in the sense of an account of money. *French ''raison'' is derived directly from Latin, and this is the direct source of the English word "reason".〔 The earliest major philosophers to publish in English, such as Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke also routinely wrote in Latin and French, and compared their terms to Greek, treating the words "''logos''", "''ratio''", "''raison''" and "reason" as inter-changeable. The meaning of the word "reason" in senses such as "human reason" also overlaps to a large extent with "rationality" and the adjective of "reason" in philosophical contexts is normally "rational", rather than "reasoned" or "reasonable".〔See (Merriam Webster "rational" ) and (Merriam Webster "reasonable" ).〕 Some philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, for example, also used the word ''ratiocination'' as a synonym for "reasoning". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「reason」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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