|
The ''Reconquista'' ("reconquest") is a period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, spanning the approximately 770 years between the initial stage of the Islamic conquest in the 710s and the fall of Granada, the last Islamic state on the peninsula, to expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492. The ''Reconquista'' ended immediately before the European discovery of the Americas—the "New World"—which ushered in the era of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires. Historians traditionally mark the beginning of the ''Reconquista'' with the Battle of Covadonga (718 or 722), in which a small Christian army, led by the nobleman Pelagius, defeated an army of the Umayyad Caliphate in the mountains of northern Iberia and established a Christian principality in Asturias. ==Concept and duration== Catholic, Spanish, and Portuguese historiography, from the beginnings of historical scholarship until the twentieth century, stressed the existence of a continuous phenomenon by which the Christian Iberian kingdoms opposed and conquered the Muslim kingdoms, understood as a common enemy who had militarily seized Christian territory. The concept of a Christian reconquest of the peninsula first emerged, in tenuous form, at the end of the 9th century. A landmark was set by the Christian ''Chronica Prophetica'' (883-884), a document stressing the Christian and Muslim cultural and religious divide in Iberia and the necessity to drive the Muslims out. Nevertheless, the difference between Christian and Muslim kingdoms in early medieval Spain was not seen at the time as anything like the clear-cut opposition which later emerged. Both Christian and Muslim rulers fought amongst themselves. Alliances between Muslims and Christians were not at all uncommon.〔 Blurring distinctions even further were the mercenaries from both sides who simply fought for whoever paid the most. The period is looked back upon today as one of religious tolerance.〔María Rosa Menocal, ''The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain'', Back Bay Books, 2003, ISBN 0316168718, and see Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain.〕 The Crusades, which started late in the eleventh century, bred the religious ideology of a Christian reconquest, confronted at that time with a similarly staunch Muslim Jihad ideology in Al-Andalus: the Almoravids and even to a greater degree, in the Almohads. In fact previous documents (10-11th century) are mute on any idea of "reconquest". Propaganda accounts of Muslim-Christian hostility came into being to support that idea, most notably the Chanson de Roland, a fictitious 12th-century French version of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (778) dealing with the Iberian ''Saracens'' (''Moors''), and taught as historical in the French educational system since 1880. Many recent historians dispute the whole concept of ''Reconquista'' (as well as that of a prior ''conquista'' by the Moors) as a concept created ''a posteriori'' in the service of later political goals. It has been called a "myth".〔"''La reconquista es un mito''", (diariodeburgos.es )〕〔"''Los inicios de la Reconquista, Derribando el Mito''", (celtiberia.net )〕〔"''La santina burgalesa y el mito de la reconquista''", (diariodeburgos.com )〕〔"''La Reconquista: un estado de la cuestión''", (durango-udala.net )〕〔Eugènia de Pagès, "''La 'Reconquista', allò que mai no va existir''", ''La Lamentable'', July 11, 2014, (lamentable.org )〕〔Martín M. Ríos Saloma, "''La Reconquista. Génesis de un mito historiográfico''", ''Historia y Grafía'', 30, 2008, pp. 191-216, (redalyc.org ), retrieved 10-12-2014.〕 One of the first Spanish intellectuals to question the idea of a "reconquest" that lasts for eight centuries was José Ortega y Gasset, writing in the first half of the twentieth century.〔"''Yo no entiendo cómo se puede llamar reconquista a una cosa que dura ocho siglos''" ("I don't understand how something that lasted eight centuries can be called a reconquest"), in ''España invertebrada''. Quoted by De Pagès, E. July 11, 2014.〕 However, the term is still in wide use. The final campaign to conquer Granada, near the end of the 15th century, is never designated "reconquista" in Spanish; it is rather "la conquista de Granada", the conquest of Granada. Nevertheless, references to the ''reconquista'' as a whole are understood to include this campaign. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「reconquista」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|