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resin
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a "solid or highly viscous substance, usually containing prepolymers with reactive groups."〔http://goldbook.iupac.org/RT07166.html〕 Such viscous substances can be plant derived or synthetic.
==Examples of natural resins==
Notable examples of plant resins include amber, Balm of Gilead, balsam, Canada balsam, Boswellia, copal from trees of ''Protium copal'' and ''Hymenaea courbaril'', dammar gum from trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae, Dragon's blood from the dragon trees (''Dracaena'' species), elemi, frankincense from ''Boswellia sacra'', galbanum from ''Ferula gummosa'', gum guaiacum from the lignum vitae trees of the genus ''Guaiacum'', kauri gum from trees of ''Agathis australis'', labdanum from mediterranean species of ''Cistus'', mastic (plant resin) from the mastic tree ''Pistacia lentiscus'', myrrh from shrubs of ''Commiphora'', sandarac resin from ''Tetraclinis articulata'', the national tree of Malta, styrax (a Benzoin resin from various ''Styrax'' species), Spinifex resin from Australian ''Spinifex'' grasses, and turpentine, distilled from pine resin. Amber is fossil resin (also called resinite) from coniferous and other tree species. Copal, kauri gum, dammar and other resins may also be found as subfossil deposits. Subfossil copal can be distinguished from genuine fossil amber because it becomes tacky when a drop of a solvent such as acetone or chloroform is placed on it.〔David Grimaldi, ''Amber: Window to the Past'', 1996, p 16-20, American Museum of Natural History〕 Rosin is a solid resin obtained from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers, produced by heating fresh liquid resin to vaporize the volatile liquid (terpene) components. Plant resins are generally produced as stem secretions, but in some South American species such as ''Euphorbia dalechampia'' and ''Clusia'' species they are produced as pollination rewards, and used by some stingless bee species to construct their nests. Propolis, consisting largely of resins collected from plants such as poplars and conifers, is used by honey bees to seal gaps in their hives.
Shellac and lacquer are insect-derived resins.
Asphaltite and Utah resin are petroleum bitumens, not a product secreted by plants, although it was ultimately derived from plants.
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