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retablo
A retablo in Mexican folk art (also lámina) is a devotional painting, especially a small popular or folk art one using iconography derived from traditional Catholic church art. In Spain and other Spanish speaking countries and the Philippines the word is used in a different, though related sense: a ''retablo'' is equivalent to ''reredos'' in English or ''retable'' in French: a painting, sculpture or combination of the two, rising behind the altar of a church. The Latin etymology of this Spanish word means "board behind".〔(Diccionario de la Real Academia Española )〕
Retablos of the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance in Spain grew extremely large and elaborate, typically using carved and gilded wood, and rising as high as 40 feet or more. They were typically made to express gratitude towards the Virgin Mary for saving a person or a loved one from a nearly fatal event. The tradition of making them was taken to the new Spanish Empire in America. There, by the late 18th century at least, the word became used for much smaller popular religious paintings, both conventional devotional images and ex-votos (paintings giving thanks for protection through a specific episode).
== Historical usage ==
Aside from being found behind the altar, "similar ornamental structures are built and carved over facades and doorways" (Fernandez 23), called overdoors. Labeling ex-votos as retablos can be traced back to Robert Montenegro in the early 18th century, who published a collection of votive paintings dated 1781. He was thanking Nuestra Señora de Dolores de Xaltocan for renewing the people's health after a severe illness. On the bottom of the retablo left, he inscribed a message that read "en cuia memoria dedica a su Magestad este Retablo" (in whose memory he dedicates to her Majesty this retablo) (Durand, 5).
The oil painted retablos generated the need for "small retablo factories" to be established in order to "reproduce the same images" which were then "sold to devout believers who displayed them in home altars to honor their patron Saints."〔(Retablo history )〕 Not only were the retablos purchased by those wanting to show devotion to their patron saints, they were also given when the saints were there for their devotees in hard times. When people wished to express gratitude, they could give retablos that described "the miraculous deed of a saint to whom the petitioner turned to in a time of need" (Correa 113). People call upon these saints for aid with rain, harvests or other outcomes. For example, if a farmer needs rain for his crops he might pray for rain. After the rain comes, a retablo might be created to give thanks to San Ysidro Labrador, the patron saint of farmers. He is "venerated for good weather, agricultural issues and prosperous crops" (Eddy, 1). That figure would most likely be kept in the farmer's house. Each time rain was needed in the future, that farmer might pray in front of that retablo (Eddy, 1). These traditions are by no means exclusive to Latin America, but are found in all Roman Catholic countries, as well as in classical paganism and many other religions. By the 19th century, the process of lithography became very popular for devotional retablos, replacing earlier printmaking methods.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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