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retraction
A retraction is a public statement made about an earlier statement that withdraws, cancels, refutes, or reverses the original statement or ceases and desists from publishing the original statement. The retraction may be initiated by the editors of a journal, or by the author(s) of the papers (or their institution). Retractions may or may not be accompanied by the author's further explanation as to how the original statement came to be made and/or what subsequent events, discoveries, or experiences led to the subsequent retraction. They are also in some cases accompanied by apologies for previous error and/or expressions of gratitude to persons who disclosed the error to the author.
Retractions always negate the author's previous public support for the original statement. Like original statements, retractions are in some cases incorrect. Retractions share with original statements the attribute that they are in some cases made insincerely, in some cases for personal gain, and in others under duress.
The term ''retraction'' carries stronger connotation than the term ''correction''. An alteration that changes the main point of the original statement is generally referred to as a ''retraction'' while an alteration that leaves the main point of a statement intact is usually referred to simply as a ''correction''. Depending on the circumstances, either a retraction or correction is the appropriate remedy.
== Retraction in science ==
In science, a retraction of a published scientific article indicates that the original article should not have been published and that its data and conclusions should not be used as part of the foundation for future research. The most common reasons for the retraction of articles are scientific misconduct including plagiarism, serious errors, and duplicate/concurrent publishing (self-plagiarism). The retraction may be initiated by the editors of the journal, or by the author(s) of the papers (or their institution). A lesser withdrawal of content than a full retraction may be labelled a correction. There have been numerous examples of retracted scientific publications. Retraction Watch provides updates on new retractions, and discusses general issues in relation to retractions.〔(The retraction war - Scientists seek demigod status, journals want blockbuster results, and retractions are on the rise ) (December 2014), Jill Neimark, ''Aeon'' 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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