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A revolution (from the Latin ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time. Aristotle described two types of political revolution: # Complete change from one constitution to another # Modification of an existing constitution.〔Aristotle, ''The Politics'' V,http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.5.five.html accessed 2013/4/24〕 Revolutions have occurred through human history and vary widely in terms of methods, duration, and motivating ideology. Their results include major changes in culture, economy, and socio-political institutions. Scholarly debates about what does and does not constitute a revolution center on several issues. Early studies of revolutions primarily analyzed events in European history from a psychological perspective, but more modern examinations include global events and incorporate perspectives from several social sciences, including sociology and political science. Several generations of scholarly thought on revolutions have generated many competing theories and contributed much to the current understanding of this complex phenomenon. ==Etymology== The word "revolucion" is known in French from the 13th century, and "revolution" in English by the late fourteenth century, with regards to the revolving motion of celestial bodies. "Revolution" in the sense of representing abrupt change in a social order is attested by at least 1450.〔OED vol Q-R p. 617 1979 Sense III states a usage "Alteration, change, mutation" from 1400 but lists it as "rare". "c. 1450, Lydg 1196 ''Secrees'' of Elementys the Revoluciuons, Chaung of tymes and Complexiouns." It's clear that the usage had been established by the early 15th century but only came into common use in the late 17th in England.〕〔(onlineetymology.com )〕 Political usage of the term had been well established by 1688 in the description of the replacement of James II with William III. The process was termed ''"The Glorious Revolution"''.〔Richard Pipes, ''(A Concise History of the Russian Revolution )''〕 Apparently the sense of social change and the geometric sense as in ''Surface of revolution'' developed in various European languages from Latin between the 14th and 17th centuries, the former developing as a metaphor from the latter. “Revolt” as an event designation appears after the process term and is given a related but distinct and later derivation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「revolution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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