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rhapsode
A rhapsode ((ギリシア語:ῥαψῳδός, ''rhapsōdos'')) or, in modern usage, rhapsodist, refers to a classical Greek professional performer of epic poetry in the fifth and fourth centuries BC (and perhaps earlier). Rhapsodes notably performed the epics of Homer (''Iliad'' and ''Odyssey'') but also the wisdom and catalogue poetry of Hesiod and the satires of Archilochus and others. Plato's dialogue ''Ion'', in which Socrates confronts a star player rhapsode, remains the most coherent source of information on these artists. Often, rhapsodes are depicted in Greek art, wearing their signature cloak and carrying a staff. This equipment is also characteristic of travellers in general, implying that rhapsodes were itinerant performers, moving from town to town.
==Etymology and usage==
The term "rhapsode" is derived from ''rhapsōidein'' (ῥαψῳδεῖν), meaning "to sew () together".〔Ridderstrøm, H. (2006). ''Tekstsamling I: litteraturhistorie: Litteraturhistoriske tekstpraksiser''. Oslo: Høgskolen i Oslo〕 This word illustrates how the oral epic poet, or ''rhapsode'', would build a repertoire of diverse myths, tales and jokes to include in the content of the epic poem. Thus it was possible, through experience and improvisatory skills, for him to shift the content of the epos according to the preferred taste of a specific location's audience. However, the outer framework of the epic would remain virtually the same in every "singing", thus securing the projection of underlying themes such as of morality or honour. The performance of epic poetry was called in classical Greek ''rhapsodia'' (ῥαψῳδία), and its performer ''rhapsodos''. The word does not occur in the early epics, which use the word ''aoidos'' (ἀοιδός "singer") for performers in all genres including this one. It is unknown whether Hesiod and the poet(s) of the ''Iliad'' and ''Odyssey'' would have recognised and accepted the name of rhapsode; it has been argued by Walter Burkert, and is accepted by some recent scholars, that ''rhapsodos'' was by definition a performer of a fixed, written text.〔E.g. ; .〕
The word ''rhapsodos'' was in use as early as Pindar (522–443 BC), who implies two different explanations of it, "singer of stitched verse", and "singer with the staff". Of these the first is etymologically correct; the second was suggested by the fact, for which there is early evidence, that the singer was accustomed to hold a staff (ῥάβδος ''rhabdos'') in his hand, perhaps, like the sceptre in the Homeric assembly, as a symbol of the right to a hearing or to "emphasize the rhythm or to give grandeur to their gestures".〔Bahn, Eugene, and Margaret L. Bahn. ''A History of Oral Interpretation.'' Minneapolis, MN: Burgess, 1979, p.7〕 The etymological meaning is interesting because it is an exact metaphor for what oral narrative poets do: they stitch together formulas, lines and type-scenes in the course of performance. There are indications in Pindar and other authors that oral epic was still a living and popular tradition in the early fifth century;〔, pp. 157–168.〕 all the later evidence, however, is that rhapsodes worked from written texts, and in some cases were compelled by law to do so.
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