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rhetoric
Rhetoric (pronounced ) is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations.〔Corbett, E. P. J. (1990). Classical rhetoric for the modern student. New York: Oxford University Press., p. 1.; Young, R. E., Becker, A. L., & Pike, K. L. (1970). Rhetoric: discovery and change. New York,: Harcourt Brace & World. p. 1; For more information see Dr. Greg Dickinson of Colorado State University.〕 As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the European tradition.〔See, e..g., Thomas Conley, Rhetoric in the European Tradition (University of Chicago, 1991).〕 Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion."〔"... rhetoric is a combination of the science of logic and of the ethical branch of politics ..." ( Aristotle. ''Rhetoric.'' (trans. W. Rhys Roberts). I:4:1359. ); Aristotle, Rhetoric 1.2.1, ()〕 Rhetorics typically provide heuristics for understanding, discovering, and developing arguments for particular situations, such as Aristotle's three persuasive audience appeals, logos, pathos, and ethos. The five canons of rhetoric, which trace the traditional tasks in designing a persuasive speech, were first codified in classical Rome: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Along with grammar and logic (or dialectic—see Martianus Capella), rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse.
From Ancient Greece to the late 19th century, it was a central part of Western education, filling the need to train public speakers and writers to move audiences to action with arguments.〔The definition of rhetoric is a controversial subject within the field and has given rise to philological battles over its meaning in Ancient Greece. See, for instance, Johnstone, Henry W. Jr. (1995). "On Schiappa versus Poulakos." ''Rhetoric Review.'' 14:2. (Spring), 438-440.〕 The word is derived from the Greek ''rhētorikós'', "oratorical",〔(Perseus.Tufts.edu ), Rhetorikos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus〕 from ''rhḗtōr'', "public speaker",〔(Perseus.Tufts.edu ), Rhetor, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus〕 related to ''rhêma'', "that which is said or spoken, word, saying",〔(Perseus.Tufts.edu ), Rhema, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus〕 and ultimately derived from the verb ''erō'', "I say, I speak".〔(Perseus.Tufts.edu ), Ero, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus〕
==Uses of rhetoric==
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