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''Ringen'' is the German language term for grappling (wrestling). In the context of the German school of historical European martial arts during the Late Middle Ages and the German Renaissance, ''ringen'' refers to unarmed combat in general, including grappling techniques used as part of swordsmanship. The German tradition has records of a number of master-''Ringer'' of the 15th to 16th centuries specializing in unarmed combat, such as Ott Jud. Unarmed combat was divided in two categories, sportive grappling or ''geselliges ringen'' and serious unarmed combat or ''kampfringen'' (where ''kampf'' is the Early Modern German term for "duel"). While sportive grappling had fixed rules that prohibited dangerous techniques, usually starting in grappling hold and ending with a throw or submission, ''kampfringen'' can be considered a system of unarmed self-defense including punches, joint-locks, elbow strikes, chokeholds, headbutts and (to a limited extent) kicks. The German tradition of ''ringen'' was eclipsed during the 17th century as the modern Baroque understanding of nobility precluded the participation of the higher classes in wrestling matches. Wrestling continued to be practiced among the lower classes, giving rise to the various traditional styles of folk wrestling. == History == One of the primary men to have shaped kampfringen at the dawning of the Renaissance appears to have been Austrian master Ott Jud. Ott was a master of the early 15th century, probably from southern Germany. He is said to have developed a system of grappling to be used in combat, including joint breaks, arm locks and throws designed to cause serious injury. No treatise from Ott's own hand has survived, but his system is taught by several fencing masters of the later 15th century, including Hans Talhoffer (1443), Peter von Danzig and Jud Lew. Paulus Kal counts him among the "society of Liechtenauer", saying that he was wrestling teacher to the "lords of Austria"〔''Maister ott jud der der hern von osterrich ringer gewessen yst'' ((k. k. Ambraser-Sammlung ), ca. 1470)〕 (possibly under Frederick III).〔Welle 1993, p. 259〕 According to both Talhoffer and Lew, Ott was a baptized Jew.〔 "Neuerdings hat Ginsburger ('Les Juifs et l'art militaire' in (REJ 87 ) ()) nachgewiesen, daß der herzoglich österreichische Ringmeister 'Ott Jud' ein Judentäufling war. Aber ob das wirklich als 'preuve presque certaine' aufgefaßt werden darf, daß der von G. erwähnte Autor eines Buches über Fechtkunst namens Andreas Jude ebenfalls jüdischer Abkunft war, erscheint mir zweifelhaft." ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland'', vol. 3 (1931). 〕 Other treatises that contain material both on ''ringen'' and on swordsmanship include those of Fiore dei Liberi (c. 1410), Fabian von Auerswald (1462), Pietro Monte (c. 1480), and Hans Wurm (c. 1500). Wrestling fell out of fashion among the upper classes with the beginning Baroque period. A late treatise on ''ringen'' is that by Johann Georg Passchen, published in 1659.〔''Vollständiges Ring-Buch / darinnen angewiesen wird / wie man Adversarium recht sol angreiffen / sich lossmachen / die schläge pariren / unterschiedliche Lectiones und die contra-Lectiones darauff machen / mit Fleiß beschrieben und mit vielen nothwendigen kupffern außgebildet.'' 1659, reprint 1663 Halle (S.), Melchior Oelschlägel; (English translation by Eli Steenput ), Journal of Western Martial Art, November 2000 ()〕 Maybe the last book which deals with Ringen as a deadly martial art, is possibly "Leib-beschirmende und Feinden Trotz-bietende Fecht-Kunst" from Johann Andreas Schmidt, which was published in Weigel, Nürnberg in 1713.〔http://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/hd/content/pageview/102714〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ringen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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