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Rotoscoping is an animation technique in which animators trace over footage, frame by frame, for use in live-action and animated films.〔"Through a 'Scanner' dazzlingly: Sci-fi brought to graphic life" USA TODAY, August 2, 2006 Wednesday, LIFE; Pg. 4D (WebLink )〕 Originally, recorded live-action film images were projected onto a frosted glass panel and re-drawn by an animator. This projection equipment is called a rotoscope. Although this device was eventually replaced by computers, the process is still referred to as rotoscoping. In the visual effects industry, the term rotoscoping refers to the technique of manually creating a matte for an element on a live-action plate so it may be composited over another background. ==History== The technique was invented by cartoonist/illustrator/writer/inventor Max Fleischer, who used it in his technologically groundbreaking ''Out of the Inkwell'' animated series, which debuted in 1915. The live-film reference for the series' main animated character, Koko the Clown, was provided by his brother (Dave Fleischer), who performed choreographed movements while dressed in a clown costume. Max Fleischer patented the rotoscope method in 1917. Max Fleischer used rotoscoping in a number of his later cartoons—most notably the Cab Calloway dance routines in three Betty Boop cartoons in the early 1930s, and the animation of Gulliver in ''Gulliver's Travels'' (1939). Fleischer's animation studio's most effective and revered use of rotoscoping was in its series of short-length, action-oriented, film noir-styled ''Superman cartoons'' of the early 1940s, in which Superman and other animated characters displayed shockingly realistic bodily movement on a level unmatched by later, conventional forms of cartoon animation. Leon Schlesinger Productions, which produced the ''Looney Tunes'' and ''Merrie Melodies'' cartoons for Warner Bros., occasionally used rotoscoping. The 1939 MGM cartoon "Petunia Natural Park" from the The Captain and the Kids featured a rotoscope version of Jackie. Walt Disney and his animators used the technique in ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' in 1937.〔"Reviving an ancient art" The Times (London), August 5, 2006, FEATURES; The Knowledge; Pg. 10. (Weblink, see bottom of page )〕 From ''Snow White'' onward, the rotoscope was used mainly for studying human and animal movement rather than actual tracing. Rotoscoping was used extensively in China's first animated feature film, ''Princess Iron Fan'' (1941), which was released under very difficult conditions during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. The technique was used extensively in the Soviet Union from the late-1930s to the 1950s, where it was known as "Éclair" (in Russian – ''эклер'') and its historical use was enforced as a realization of Socialist Realism. Most of the films produced with it were adaptations of folk tales or poems—for example, ''The Night Before Christmas'' or ''The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish''. Only in the early 1960s, after the Khrushchev Thaw, did animators start to explore very different aesthetics. The makers of The Beatles' animated film ''Yellow Submarine'' used rotoscoping in numerous instances, most notably the sequence for "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds". Director Martin Scorsese famously had to have a large chunk of cocaine hanging from Neil Young's left nostril rotoscoped out of his rock documentary ''The Last Waltz''. Ralph Bakshi used rotoscoping extensively in his animated movies ''Wizards'' (1977), ''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978), ''American Pop''〔 (1981), and ''Fire and Ice'' (1983). Bakshi first turned to rotoscoping because 20th Century Fox refused his request for a $50,000 budget increase to finish ''Wizards''; he resorted to the rotoscope technique to finish the battle sequences.〔''Ralph Bakshi: The Wizard of Animation'' making-of documentary.〕〔Bakshi, Ralph. ''Wizards'' DVD, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2004, audio commentary. ASIN: B0001NBMIK〕 Rotoscoping was also used in ''Heavy Metal''〔 (1981), ''What Have We Learned, Charlie Brown?'' (1983) and ''It's Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown'' (1984); three of a-ha's music videos, "Take On Me" (1985), "The Sun Always Shines on T.V." (1985), and "Train of Thought" (1986); Don Bluth's ''The Secret of NIMH'' (1982), ''An American Tail'' (1986) and ''Titan A.E.'' (2000); and Nina Paley's ''Sita Sings the Blues'' (2008). While rotoscoping is generally known to bring a sense of realism to high-budget animated films, the American animation company Filmation perfected its use for its signature style of low-budget, limited TV animation. It repetitively reused rotoscopes of a very limited number of bodily movements across multiple series (e.g.: ''Tarzan: Lord of the Jungle''; ''Flash Gordon''; ''Blackstar''; ''He-Man and the Masters of the Universe'', et al.). In 1994, Smoking Car Productions invented a digital rotoscoping process to develop its critically acclaimed adventure video game ''The Last Express''. The process was awarded , ''Digital Cartoon and Animation Process''. The game was designed by Jordan Mechner, who had used rotoscoping extensively in his previous games ''Karateka'' and ''Prince of Persia.'' In the mid-1990s, Bob Sabiston, an animator and computer scientist veteran of the MIT Media Lab, developed a computer-assisted "interpolated rotoscoping" process, which he used to make his award-winning short film "Snack and Drink". Director Richard Linklater subsequently employed Sabiston and his proprietary Rotoshop software in the full-length feature films ''Waking Life'' (2001) and ''A Scanner Darkly'' (2006). Linklater licensed the same proprietary rotoscoping process for the look of both films. Linklater is the first director to use digital rotoscoping to create an entire feature film. Additionally, a 2005–08 advertising campaign by Charles Schwab used Sabiston's rotoscoping work for a series of television spots, under the tagline "Talk to Chuck". In 2013, the anime ''The Flowers of Evil'' used rotoscoping to produce a look that differed greatly from its manga source material. Viewers criticized the film's shortcuts in facial animation, its reuse of backgrounds, and the liberties it took with realism. Despite this, critics lauded the film, and the website Anime News Network awarded it a perfect score for initial reactions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「rotoscoping」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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