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rubedo
Rubedo is a Latin word meaning "redness" that was adopted by alchemists to define the fourth and final major stage in their magnum opus. Both gold, and the philosopher's stone were associated with the color red, as rubedo signalled alchemical success, and the end of the great work.〔Shaeffer, Katherine H. ''Stages of Transmutation: The Visual Rhetoric of Alchemy in Sequential Art.''University of Florida. 2009. p.21〕 Rubedo is also known by the Greek word, ''Iosis''.
==Interpretation==
The three alchemical stages preceding rubedo were nigredo (blackness) which represented putrefication and spiritual death, albedo (whiteness) which represented purification, and citrinitas (yellowness); the solar dawn or awakening.〔M.-L. Von Franz, ''Alchemy'' (1980) p. 83〕
The symbols used in alchemical writing and art to represent this red stage can include blood, a phoenix, a rose, a crowned king, or a figure wearing red clothes. Countless sources mention a reddening process; the seventeenth dictum of the 12th century Turba Philosophorum is one example:
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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