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A sail is a catchment device designed to receive and redirect a force upon a generous surface area. Traditionally, the surface was engineered of woven fabric and supported by a mast, whose purpose is to propel a sailing vessel. Sails may be configured in many ways to include traditionally understood maritime purposes, as well as land vehicles and solar collection purposes. The rich encyclopedic history of maritime sails suggests alternative uses of the technology well documented.==History of sails==Archaeological studies of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture ceramics show use of sailing boats from the sixth millennium onwards. Excavations of the Ubaid period (c. 6000 -4300 BC) in Mesopotamia provides direct evidence of sailing boats. Sails from ancient Egypt are depicted around 3200 BCE,The sea-craft of prehistory, p76, by Paul Johnstone, Routledge, 1980 where reed boats sailed upstream against the River Nile's current. Ancient Sumerians used square rigged sailing boats at about the same time, and it is believed they established sea trading routes as far away as the Indus valley. The proto-Austronesian words for sail, ''lay(r)'', and other rigging parts date to about 3000 BCE when this group began their Pacific expansion. Greeks and Phoenicians began trading by ship by around 1,200 BCE.Square sails mounted on yardarms perpendicular to the boat's hull are very good for downwind sailing; they dominated in the ancient Mediterranean and spread to Northern Europe, and were independently invented in China and Ecuador. Although fore-and-aft rigs have become more popular on modern yachts, square sails continue to power full-rigged ships through the Age of Sail and to the present day. Triangular fore-and-aft rigs were invented in the Mediterranean as single yarded lateen sails and independently in the Pacific as the more efficient bi sparred crab claw sail,I. C. Campbell, ("The Lateen Sail in World History" ), ''Journal of World History'' (University of Hawaii), 6.1 (Spring 1995), p. 1–23Marchaj, Czeslaw A. ''Sail Performance, Techniques to Maximize Sail Power, Revised Edition''. London: Adlard Coles Nautical, 2003. Part 2 Aerodynamics of sails, Chapter 11 "The Sail Power of Various Rigs" and continue to be used throughout the world. During the 16th-19th centuries other fore-and-aft sails were developed in Europe, such as the spritsail, gaff rig, jib/genoa/staysail, and Bermuda rig, improving European upwind sailing ability.In an interesting recent development, an elderly trawler, TS ''Pelican'', was fitted with what are thought to have been the unorthodox riggings used by the Barbary pirates in the 16th century. The resultant performance has been remarkable, with the Pelican sailing, at speed, over 20 degrees nearer the wind than any square rigger.Space satellites have successfully deployed solar sails which use radiation pressure or solar wind to propel them.http://www.space.com/8584-japanese-spacecraft-deploys-solar-sail.htmlhttp://www.space.com/10666-nasa-solar-sail-satellite-success.html
A sail is a catchment device designed to receive and redirect a force upon a generous surface area. Traditionally, the surface was engineered of woven fabric and supported by a mast, whose purpose is to propel a sailing vessel. Sails may be configured in many ways to include traditionally understood maritime purposes, as well as land vehicles and solar collection purposes. The rich encyclopedic history of maritime sails suggests alternative uses of the technology well documented.
==History of sails==
Archaeological studies of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture ceramics show use of sailing boats from the sixth millennium onwards. Excavations of the Ubaid period (c. 6000 -4300 BC) in Mesopotamia provides direct evidence of sailing boats.
Sails from ancient Egypt are depicted around 3200 BCE,〔The sea-craft of prehistory, p76, by Paul Johnstone, Routledge, 1980〕 where reed boats sailed upstream against the River Nile's current. Ancient Sumerians used square rigged sailing boats at about the same time, and it is believed they established sea trading routes as far away as the Indus valley. The proto-Austronesian words for sail, ''lay(r)'', and other rigging parts date to about 3000 BCE when this group began their Pacific expansion. Greeks and Phoenicians began trading by ship by around 1,200 BCE.
Square sails mounted on yardarms perpendicular to the boat's hull are very good for downwind sailing; they dominated in the ancient Mediterranean and spread to Northern Europe, and were independently invented in China and Ecuador. Although fore-and-aft rigs have become more popular on modern yachts, square sails continue to power full-rigged ships through the Age of Sail and to the present day. Triangular fore-and-aft rigs were invented in the Mediterranean as single yarded lateen sails and independently in the Pacific as the more efficient bi sparred crab claw sail,〔I. C. Campbell, ("The Lateen Sail in World History" ), ''Journal of World History'' (University of Hawaii), 6.1 (Spring 1995), p. 1–23〕〔
Marchaj, Czeslaw A. ''Sail Performance, Techniques to Maximize Sail Power, Revised Edition''. London: Adlard Coles Nautical, 2003. Part 2 Aerodynamics of sails, Chapter 11 "The Sail Power of Various Rigs"〕 and continue to be used throughout the world. During the 16th-19th centuries other fore-and-aft sails were developed in Europe, such as the spritsail, gaff rig, jib/genoa/staysail, and Bermuda rig, improving European upwind sailing ability.
In an interesting recent development, an elderly trawler, TS ''Pelican'', was fitted with what are thought to have been the unorthodox riggings used by the Barbary pirates in the 16th century. The resultant performance has been remarkable, with the Pelican sailing, at speed, over 20 degrees nearer the wind than any square rigger.
Space satellites have successfully deployed solar sails which use radiation pressure or solar wind to propel them.〔http://www.space.com/8584-japanese-spacecraft-deploys-solar-sail.html〕〔http://www.space.com/10666-nasa-solar-sail-satellite-success.html〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 6.1 (Spring 1995), p. 1–23Marchaj, Czeslaw A. ''Sail Performance, Techniques to Maximize Sail Power, Revised Edition''. London: Adlard Coles Nautical, 2003. Part 2 Aerodynamics of sails, Chapter 11 "The Sail Power of Various Rigs" and continue to be used throughout the world. During the 16th-19th centuries other fore-and-aft sails were developed in Europe, such as the spritsail, gaff rig, jib/genoa/staysail, and Bermuda rig, improving European upwind sailing ability.In an interesting recent development, an elderly trawler, TS ''Pelican'', was fitted with what are thought to have been the unorthodox riggings used by the Barbary pirates in the 16th century. The resultant performance has been remarkable, with the Pelican sailing, at speed, over 20 degrees nearer the wind than any square rigger.Space satellites have successfully deployed solar sails which use radiation pressure or solar wind to propel them.http://www.space.com/8584-japanese-spacecraft-deploys-solar-sail.htmlhttp://www.space.com/10666-nasa-solar-sail-satellite-success.html">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■6.1 (Spring 1995), p. 1–23Marchaj, Czeslaw A. ''Sail Performance, Techniques to Maximize Sail Power, Revised Edition''. London: Adlard Coles Nautical, 2003. Part 2 Aerodynamics of sails, Chapter 11 "The Sail Power of Various Rigs" and continue to be used throughout the world. During the 16th-19th centuries other fore-and-aft sails were developed in Europe, such as the spritsail, gaff rig, jib/genoa/staysail, and Bermuda rig, improving European upwind sailing ability.In an interesting recent development, an elderly trawler, TS ''Pelican'', was fitted with what are thought to have been the unorthodox riggings used by the Barbary pirates in the 16th century. The resultant performance has been remarkable, with the Pelican sailing, at speed, over 20 degrees nearer the wind than any square rigger.Space satellites have successfully deployed solar sails which use radiation pressure or solar wind to propel them.http://www.space.com/8584-japanese-spacecraft-deploys-solar-sail.htmlhttp://www.space.com/10666-nasa-solar-sail-satellite-success.html">ウィキペディアで「A sail is a catchment device designed to receive and redirect a force upon a generous surface area. Traditionally, the surface was engineered of woven fabric and supported by a mast, whose purpose is to propel a sailing vessel. Sails may be configured in many ways to include traditionally understood maritime purposes, as well as land vehicles and solar collection purposes. The rich encyclopedic history of maritime sails suggests alternative uses of the technology well documented.==History of sails==Archaeological studies of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture ceramics show use of sailing boats from the sixth millennium onwards. Excavations of the Ubaid period (c. 6000 -4300 BC) in Mesopotamia provides direct evidence of sailing boats. Sails from ancient Egypt are depicted around 3200 BCE,The sea-craft of prehistory, p76, by Paul Johnstone, Routledge, 1980 where reed boats sailed upstream against the River Nile's current. Ancient Sumerians used square rigged sailing boats at about the same time, and it is believed they established sea trading routes as far away as the Indus valley. The proto-Austronesian words for sail, ''lay(r)'', and other rigging parts date to about 3000 BCE when this group began their Pacific expansion. Greeks and Phoenicians began trading by ship by around 1,200 BCE.Square sails mounted on yardarms perpendicular to the boat's hull are very good for downwind sailing; they dominated in the ancient Mediterranean and spread to Northern Europe, and were independently invented in China and Ecuador. Although fore-and-aft rigs have become more popular on modern yachts, square sails continue to power full-rigged ships through the Age of Sail and to the present day. Triangular fore-and-aft rigs were invented in the Mediterranean as single yarded lateen sails and independently in the Pacific as the more efficient bi sparred crab claw sail,I. C. Campbell, ("The Lateen Sail in World History" ), ''Journal of World History'' (University of Hawaii), 6.1 (Spring 1995), p. 1–23Marchaj, Czeslaw A. ''Sail Performance, Techniques to Maximize Sail Power, Revised Edition''. London: Adlard Coles Nautical, 2003. Part 2 Aerodynamics of sails, Chapter 11 "The Sail Power of Various Rigs" and continue to be used throughout the world. During the 16th-19th centuries other fore-and-aft sails were developed in Europe, such as the spritsail, gaff rig, jib/genoa/staysail, and Bermuda rig, improving European upwind sailing ability.In an interesting recent development, an elderly trawler, TS ''Pelican'', was fitted with what are thought to have been the unorthodox riggings used by the Barbary pirates in the 16th century. The resultant performance has been remarkable, with the Pelican sailing, at speed, over 20 degrees nearer the wind than any square rigger.Space satellites have successfully deployed solar sails which use radiation pressure or solar wind to propel them.http://www.space.com/8584-japanese-spacecraft-deploys-solar-sail.htmlhttp://www.space.com/10666-nasa-solar-sail-satellite-success.html」の詳細全文を読む
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