|
Salus ((ラテン語:salus), "safety", "salvation", "welfare")〔M. De Vaan ''Etymological Dictionary of Latin'' Leyden 2010 s.v.; ''The Oxford Classical Dictionary'' 4th ed. London & New York 2012 s.v.〕 was a Roman goddess. She was the goddess of safety and well-being (welfare, health and prosperity) of both the individual and the state. She is sometimes equated with the Greek goddess Hygieia, though her functions differ considerably. Salus is one of the most ancient Roman Goddesses: she is also recorded once as ''Salus Semonia'',〔Köhler 1965, citing CIL VI 30975.〕 a fact that might hint to her belonging to the category of the ''Semones'', such as god ''Semo Sancus Dius Fidius''. This view though is disputed among scholars. The issue is discussed in the section below. The two gods had temples in Rome on the ''Collis Salutaris'' and ''Mucialis'' respectively,〔Varro ''De Lingua latina'' V 53.〕 two adjacent hilltops of the Quirinal, located in the ''regio'' known as ''Alta Semita''. Her temple, as ''Salus Publica Populi Romani'', was voted in 304 BC, during the Samnite wars, by dictator Gaius Iunius Bubulcus Brutus,〔Köhler 1965, citing Livy ''Ab Urbe Condita'' IX 43.〕 dedicated on 5 August 302 and adorned with frescos at the order of Gaius Fabius Pictor.〔Köhler 1965, citing Valerius Maximus VIII 14, 6.〕 The high antiquity and importance of her cult is testified by the little-known ceremony of the ''Augurium Salutis'', held every year on August 5 for the preservation of the Roman state.〔Köhler 1965, citing Tacit ''Annales'' XII 23.〕 Her cult was spread over all Italy.〔Köhler 1965 citing inscriptions from Orte (''salutes pocolom'' Diehl ''Alt lat. Inschrit.'' 3, 192) and Pompei (''salutei sacrum'' Dessau 3822).〕 Literary sources record relationships with Fortuna〔Köhler 1965, who cites Plautus ''Asin.'' 712.〕 and Spes.〔Köhler 1965, who cites Plautus ''Merc.'' 867.〕 She started to be increasingly associated to Valetudo, the Goddess of Personal Health, which was the real romanized name of Hygieia. Later she became more a protector of personal health. Around 180 BCE sacrificial rites in honour of Apollo, Aesculapius, and Salus took place there (Livius XL, 37). There was a statue to Salus in the temple of Concordia. She is first known to be associated with the snake of Aesculapius from a coin of 55 BC minted by M. Acilius.〔Köhler 1965.〕 Her festival was celebrated on March 30. ==Salus and Sancus== The two gods were related in several ways. Their shrines (''aedes'') were very close to each other on two adjacent hilltops of the Quirinal, the ''Collis Mucialis'' and ''Salutaris'' respectively.〔Varro ''Lingua Latina'' V 53.〕 Some scholars also claim some inscriptions to Sancus have been found on the ''Collis Salutaris''.〔Jesse B. Carter in ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics'' vol. 13 s.v. ''Salus''.〕 Moreover Salus is the first of the series of deities mentioned by Macrobius as related in their sacrality: ''Salus'', ''Semonia'', ''Seia'', ''Segetia'', ''Tutilina'',〔Macrobius ''Saturnalia'' I 16,8〕 who required the observance of a ''dies feriatus'' of the person who happened to utter their name. These deities were connected to the ancient agrarian cults of the valley of the Circus Maximus that remain quite mysteruious.〔G. Dumezil ''ARR'' Paris 1974, I. Chirassi Colombo in ''ANRW'' 1981 p.405; Tertullian ''De Spectculis'' VIII 3.〕 German scholars Georg Wissowa, Eduard Norden and Kurt Latte write of a deity named ''Salus Semonia''〔G. Wissowa ''Roschers Lexicon'' s.v. Sancus, ''Religion und Kultus der Roemer'' Munich 1912 p. 139 ff.; E. Norden ''Aus der altrömischen Priesterbüchern'' Lund 1939 p. 205 ff.; K. Latte ''Rom. Religionsgeschichte'' Munich 1960 p. 49-51.〕 who is though attested only in one inscription of year 1 A.D. mentioning a ''Salus Semonia'' in its last line (line seventeen). There is consensus among scholars that this line is a later addition and cannot be dated with certainty.〔''Salus Semonia posuit populi Victoria''; cf. R. E. A.Palmer: "Studies of the Northern Campus Martius in Ancient Rome" ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'' 1990 80.2. p. 19 and n.21 citing M. A. Cavallaro "Un liberto 'prega' per Augusto e per le ''gentes'': CIL VI 30975 (con inediti di Th. Mommsen)" in ''Helikon'' 15-16 (1975-1976) pp 146-186.〕 In other inscriptions Salus is never connected to Semonia.〔''Ara Salutus'' from a slab of an altar from Praeneste; ''Salutes pocolom'' on a pitcher from Horta; ''Salus Ma()a'' on a ''cippus'' from Bagnacavallo; ''Salus'' on a ''cippus'' from the sacred grove of Pisaurum; ''Salus Publica'' from Ferentinum; ''salutei sacrum'' from Pompei.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「salus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|