|
Samba () is a Brazilian musical genre and dance style originating in Brazil, with its roots in Africa via the West African slave trade and African religious traditions, particularly Angola and the Congo.〔http://www.thelanguagejournal.com/2012/02/samba-and-frenetic-rhythm-of-brazils.html〕 Although there were various forms of samba in Brazil in the form of various popular rhythms and regional dances that originated from the drumming, samba as music genre is seen as a musical expression of urban Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of Imperial Brazil. It is recognized around the world as a symbol of Brazil and the Brazilian Carnival. Considered one of the most popular Brazilian cultural expressions, samba has become an icon of Brazilian national identity.〔Stockler J.S., "The Invention of Samba and National Identity in Brazil", Working Papers in Nationalism Studies (University of Edinburgh) 2011:2, https://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/64419/Stockler_WPiNS_2.pdf〕〔maybe (Samba ) – Dicionário Cravo Albin da Música Popular Brasileira – (Google translation )〕〔(Samba ) – Cliquemusic – (Google translation )〕〔(Samba ) – All Brazilian Music〕 The Bahian ''Samba de Roda'' (dance circle), which became a UNESCO Heritage of Humanity in 2005, is the main root of the ''samba carioca'', the samba that is played and danced in Rio de Janeiro. The modern samba that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century is predominantly in a 2/4 tempo varied with the conscious use of a sung chorus to a batucada rhythm, with various stanzas of declaratory verses. Traditionally, the samba is played by strings (cavaquinho and various types of guitar) and various percussion instruments such as tamborim. Influenced by American orchestras in vogue since the Second World War and the cultural impact of US music post-war, samba began to use trombones, trumpets, choros, flutes, and clarinets. In addition to distinct rhythms and meters, samba brings a whole historical culture of food, varied dances (miudinho, coco, samba de roda, and pernada), parties, clothes such as linen shirts, and the Naif painting of established names such as Nelson Sargento, Guilherme de Brito, and Heitor dos Prazeres. Anonymous community artists, including painters, sculptors, designers, and stylists, make the clothes, costumes, carnival floats, and cars, opening the doors of schools of samba. There is also a great tradition of ballroom samba in Brazil, with many styles. Samba de Gafieira is the style more famous in Rio de Janeiro, where common people used to go to the gafieira parties since the 1930s, and where the moves and identity of this dance has emerged, getting more and more different from its African, European, Argentinian and Cuban origins and influences. The Samba National Day is celebrated on December 2. The date was established at the initiative of Luis Monteiro da Costa, an Alderman of Salvador, in honor of Ary Barroso. He composed "''Na Baixa do Sapateiro''" even though he had never been in Bahia. Thus 2 December marked the first visit of Ary Barroso to Salvador. Initially, this day was celebrated only in Salvador, but eventually it turned into a national holiday. Samba is a local style in Southeastern Brazil and Northeast Brazil, especially in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador and Recife. Its importance as Brazil's national music transcends region, however; samba schools, samba musicians and carnival organizations centered around the performance of samba exist in every region of the country, even though other musical styles prevail in various regions (for instance, in Southern Brazil, Center-West Brazil, and all of the Brazilian countryside, Sertanejo, or Brazilian country music, is the most popular style).〔(Música Sertaneja ) – Dicionário Cravo Albin da Música Popular Brasileira〕 Since Rio de Janeiro is the most popular Brazilian city worldwide,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rio de Janeiro )〕 usually samba is used to identify Brazilians as part of the same national culture. ==Etymology== The etymology of samba is uncertain.〔http://www.priberam.pt/DLPO/samba〕 Possibilites include: * The Portuguese verb sambar, to do joiner's work; and the Portuguese noun sambúco (Latin sambuca), a historic string instrument, a kind of harp or lute. * It is uncertain whether the African Semba dance is related to the Brazilian Samba, and whether it is older or newer, beyond the superficial similarity of name and style. In only two Bantu languages does the verb-root "semba" mean "dance", while in others it denotes unrelated things like "hunger" or "cloth" (but not "belly"). * In many Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages the root "samba" enters into the composition of the numbers six and seven. This might stem from Greek Σάββᾰτον (Latin sambatha), denoting the Jewish Sabbath and a period of seven days, a week. * Sanskrit śamba (शमब) happy, fortunate; poor. One of the oldest records of the word samba appeared in Pernambuco magazine's ''O Carapuceiro'', dated February 1838, when Father Miguel Lopes Gama of Sacramento wrote against what he called "teh samba d'almocreve" – not referring to the future musical genre, but a kind of merriment (dance drama) popular for black people of that time. According to Hiram Araújo da Costa, over the centuries, the festival of dances of slaves in Bahia were called samba. In the middle of the 19th century, the word samba defined different types of music made by African slaves when conducted by different types of Batuque, but it assumed its own characteristics in each Brazilian state, not only by the diversity of tribes for slaves, but also the peculiarity of each region in which they were settlers. Some of these popular dances were known as Baião, Bochinche, Candombe (Candomblé), Catêrêtê, Caxambú, Choradinho, Côco-inchádo, Cocumbí, Córta-jáca, Cururú, Furrundú, Jongo, Lundú, Maracatú, Maxíxe, Quimbête, São-Gonçalo, Saramba; not to mention the many varieties of the Portuguese Fandango, and the Indio dance Puracé. In Argentina, there is a dance called "Zamba", a name which seems to share etymological origins with the Samba, though the dance itself is quite different. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「samba」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|