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samizdat
Samizdat () was a key form of dissident activity across the Soviet bloc in which individuals reproduced censored publications by hand and passed the documents from reader to reader. This grassroots practice to evade officially imposed censorship was fraught with danger, as harsh punishments were meted out to people caught possessing or copying censored materials.
Vladimir Bukovsky summarized it as, "I myself create it, edit it, censor it, publish it, distribute it, and get imprisoned for it."〔 "Самиздат: сам сочиняю, сам редактирую, сам цензурирую, сам издаю, сам распространяю, сам и отсиживаю за него." (autobiographical novel ''И возвращается ветер...'', ''And the Wind returns...'' NY, Хроника, 1978, p.126) Also online at http://www.vehi.net/samizdat/bukovsky.html〕
==Techniques==
Essentially samizdat copies of texts, such as Mikhail Bulgakov's novel ''The Master and Margarita'' or Václav Havel's essay ''The Power of the Powerless'' were passed around among trusted friends. The techniques used to reproduce these forbidden texts varied. Several copies might be made using carbon paper, either by hand or on a typewriter; at the other end of the scale mainframe printers were used during night shifts to make multiple copies, and books were at times printed on semiprofessional printing presses in much larger quantities. Before glasnost, the practice was dangerous, because copy machines, printing presses, and even typewriters in offices were under control of the organisation's First Department, i.e. the KGB: reference printouts for all of these machines were stored for subsequent identification purposes, if samizdat output was found.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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