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sanjak
Sanjaks ((:sanˈdʒak), ) were administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire. ''Sanjak,'' and the variant spellings ''sandjak, sanjaq,'' and ''sinjaq,'' are English transliterations of the Turkish word ''sancak,'' meaning ''district,'' ''banner,'' or ''flag''.〔(Dictionary.com - Sanjak entry )〕 Sanjaks were also called by the Arabic word for banner or flag, ''liwa''.
Ottoman provinces (eyalets, later vilayets) were divided into sanjaks (also called ''livas'') governed by sanjakbeys (also called ''Mutesarriff'') and were further subdivided into ''timars'' (fiefs held by ''timariots''), kadiluks (the area of responsibility of a judge, or Kadı) and ''zeamets'' (also ''ziam''; larger timars).
The contemporary name of the Balkan region of Sandžak derives from its former status as the Ottoman Sanjak of Novi Pazar.
==Names==
Liwa or Liwa ((アラビア語:لواء)) is an Arabic term interchangeable with the Turkish term Sanjak. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the term was used in the Arab countries formerly under Ottoman rule. It was gradually replaced by other terms like qadaa and mintaqah and is now defunct. It is only used occasionally in Syria to refer to the Hatay Province, ceded by the French mandate of Syria to Turkey in 1939, at which time was known as Liwa' Iskenderun.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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