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The ''sans-culottes'' (, "without ''culottes''") were the common people of the lower classes in late 18th century France, a great many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the ''Ancien Régime''.〔(''Sansculotte'' ). Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011.〕 The appellation ''sans-culottes'' refers to their lower class status; ''culottes'' were the fashionable silk knee-breeches of the nobility and bourgeoisie, as distinguished from the working class ''sans-culottes'', who traditionally wore ''pantalons'', or trousers, instead.〔Chisholm, Hugh (1911) ''Sans-culottes''. This saying meant "ordinary patriots without fine clothes", and referred to the fancy clothes that famous patriots wore. They wore pants with cuffed, rolled up bottoms. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) (Cambridge University Press, 1911).〕 The ''sans-culottes'', most of them peasants and urban labourers, served as the driving popular force behind the revolution. Though ill-clad and ill-equipped, they also made up the bulk of the Revolutionary army during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars. The most fundamental political ideals of the ''sans-culottes'' were social equality, economic equality, and popular democracy. They supported the abolition of all the authority and privileges of the monarchy, nobility, and Roman Catholic clergy, the establishment of fixed wages, the implementation of price controls to ensure affordable food and other essentials, and vigilance against counter-revolutionaries.〔〔Darline Levy (1981) (Women in Revolutionary Paris 1789–1795 ) (University of Illinois Press, August 1, 1981). Translated by Harriet Applewhite, Mary Johnson. Pg 144. Quotation: "The ''sans-culottes'' (...) campaigned for a more democratic constitution, price controls, harsh laws against political enemies, and economic legislation to assist the needy."〕 The height of their influence spanned from the original overthrow of the monarchy in roughly 1789 to the Thermidorian Reaction in 1794.〔 Throughout the revolution, the ''sans-culottes'' provided the principal support behind the more radical and anti-bourgeoisie factions of the Paris Commune, such as the Enragés and the Hébertists, and were led by populist revolutionaries such as Jacques Roux and Jacques Hébert.〔〔Patrice Higonnet (1998) (Goodness beyond Virtue: Jacobins during the French Revolution ) (Harvard University Press, October 25, 1998). Pg 118. Quotation: In the summer of 1793 the sans-culottes, the Parisian ''enragés'' especially, accused even the most radical Jacobins of being too tolerant of greed and insufficiently universalist. From this far-left point of view, all Jacobins were at fault because all of them tolerated existing civil life and social structures.〕〔Darline Levy (1981) (Women in Revolutionary Paris 1789–1795 ) (University of Illinois Press, August 1, 1981). Translated by Harriet Applewhite, Mary Johnson. Pg 145. Quotation: They were also allied with the Enragés, the most extreme spokesmen on the left for the interests of the Parisian ''sans-culottes''.〕 The ''sans-culottes'' also populated the ranks of paramilitary forces charged with physically enforcing the policies and legislation of the revolutionary government, a task that not uncommonly included violence and the carrying out of executions against perceived enemies of the revolution. During the peak of their influence, the ''sans-culottes'' were seen as the truest and most authentic sons and daughters of the French Revolution, held up as living representations of the revolutionary spirit. During the height of revolutionary fervor, such as during the Reign of Terror when it was dangerous to be associated with anything counter-revolutionary, even public functionaries and officials actually from middle or upper-class backgrounds adopted the clothing and label of the ''sans-culottes'' as a demonstration of solidarity with the working class and patriotism for the new French Republic.〔 But by early 1794, as the bourgeois and middle class elements of the revolution started gaining increasingly more political influence, the fervent working class radicalism of the ''sans-culottes'' rapidly began falling out of favor within the National Convention.〔 It wasn't long before Maximilien de Robespierre and his now dominant Jacobin Club turned against the radical factions of the National Convention, including the ''sans-culottes'', despite them having previously been the strongest supporters of the revolution and its government. Several important leaders of the Enragés and Hébertists were imprisoned and executed by the very revolutionary tribunals they had supported.〔 The execution of radical leader Jacques Hébert spelled the decline of the ''sans-culottes'',〔 and with the successive rise of even more conservative governments, the Thermidorian Convention and the French Directory, they were definitively silenced as a political force.〔Soboul (1972), pp. 258–259.〕 After the defeat of the 1795 popular revolt in Paris, the ''sans-culottes'' ceased to play any effective political role in France until the July Revolution of 1830. ==Appearance== The distinctive costume of typical ''sans-culottes'' featured:〔 * the ''pantalon'' (long trousers) – in place of the ''culottes'' (silk knee-breeches) worn by the upper classes * the carmagnole (short-skirted coat) * the red cap of liberty * ''sabots'' (clogs) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sansculottes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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