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Sarmatism (or Sarmatianism) is a term designating the formation of the dominant Baroque culture and ideology of the ''szlachta'' (nobility) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Together with "Golden Liberty," it formed a central aspect of the Commonwealth's culture. At its core was the unifying belief that the people of the Polish Commonwealth descended from the ancient Sarmatians, the legendary invaders of Slavic lands in antiquity.〔Tadeusz Sulimirski, ''The Sarmatians'' (New York: Praeger Publishers 1970) at 167.〕〔P. M. Barford, ''The Early Slavs'' (Ithaca: Cornell University 2001) at 28.〕 It has been celebrated by adherents as well as sharply criticized. The term and culture were reflected primarily in 17th-century Polish literature, as in Jan Chryzostom Pasek's memoirs,〔''Pamiętniki Jana Chryzostoma Paska'' () (Poznan 1836), translated by C. S. Leach as 'Memoirs of the Polish Baroque. The Writings of Jan Chryzostom Pasek'' (University of California 1976).〕 and the poems of Wacław Potocki. The Polish gentry (szlachta) wore a long coat trimmed with fur, called a ''żupan'', thigh-high boots, and carried a saber (''szabla''). Mustaches were also popular, as well as varieties of plumage in the menfolk's headgear. Poland's "Sarmatians" strove for the status of a nobility on horseback, for equality among themselves ("Golden Freedom"), and for invincibility in the face of other peoples.〔Simon Schama, ''Landscape and Memory'' Vintage, New York, 1995:38.〕 Sarmatism lauded the past victories of the Polish Army, and required Polish noblemen to cultivate the tradition. An inseparable element of their festive costume was a saber called the ''karabela''. ''Sarmatia'' (in Polish, ''Sarmacja'') was a semi-legendary, poetic name for Poland that was fashionable into the 18th century, and which designated qualities associated with the literate citizenry of the vast Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Sarmatism greatly affected the culture, lifestyle and ideology of the Polish nobility. It was unique for its cultural mix of Eastern, Western and native traditions. Sarmatism considerably influenced the noble cultures of other contemporary states — Ukraine, Moldavia, Transylvania, Serbian Despotate, Habsburg Hungary and Croatia, Wallachia and Muscovy. Criticized during the Polish Enlightenment, Sarmatism was rehabilitated by the generations that embraced Polish Romanticism. Having survived the literary realism of Poland's "Positivist" period, Sarmatism enjoyed a triumphant comeback with ''The Trilogy'' of Henryk Sienkiewicz, Poland's first Nobel laureate in literature (1905). ==Late medieval origin, links to ancient history== The term ''Sarmatism'' was first used by Jan Długosz in his 15th century work on the history of Poland.〔Andrzej Wasko, (Sarmatism or the Enlightenment ): The Dilemma of Polish Culture, ''Sarmatian Review'' XVII.2.〕 Długosz was also responsible for linking the Sarmatians to the prehistory of Poland and this idea was continued by other chroniclers and historians such as Marcin Bielski, Marcin Kromer, and Maciej Miechowita.〔 Miechowita's ''Tractatus de Duabus Sarmatiis'' became influential abroad, where for some time it was one of the most widely used reference works on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.〔 The presumed ancestors of the szlachta, the Sarmatians, were a confederacy of predominantly Iranian tribes living north of the Black Sea. In the 5th century BC Herodotus wrote that these tribes were descendants of the Scythians and Amazons. The Sarmatians were infiltrated by the Goths and others in the 2nd century AD, and may have had some strong and direct links to Poland. Yet such issues are not simple.〔T. Sulimirski, ''The Sarmatians' (New York: Praeger 1970) at 166–167, 194, 196 (Sarmatian-Polish links). See below.〕 The legend stuck and grew until most of those within the Commonwealth, and many abroad, believed that many Polish nobles were somehow descendants of the Sarmatians (Sauromates).〔 Another tradition came to surmise that the Sarmatians themselves were descended from Japheth, son of Noah.〔Colin Kidd, British Identities before Nationalism; Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600–1800,'' Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 29〕 Some holding to ''Sarmatism'' tended to believe that as medieval Polish nobility they were the descendents of the ancient Sarmatian people. Accordingly their ancestors would have conquered and enserfed the local Slavs and, like the Bulgars in Bulgaria or Franks who conquered Gaul (France), eventually adopted the local language. Such nobility might believe that they belonged (at least figuratively) to a different people (however remote and long ago) than the Slavs whom they ruled. One view would see in ''Sarmatism'' much that was "low brow" or uneducated in origin. "Roman maps, fashioned during the Renaissance, had the name of ''Sarmatia'' written over most of the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thus 'justified' interest in 'Sarmatian roots'."〔Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, ''Poland. An illustrated history'' (New York: Hippocrene 2003) at 73.〕 Centuries later modern scholarship discovered evidence showing that the Alans, a late Sarmatian people speaking an Iranian idiom, did invade Slavic tribes in Eastern Europe before the sixth century, and that these "Sarmatians evidently formed the area's ruling class, which was gradually Slavicized."〔T. Sulimirski, ''The Sarmatians'' (1970) at 26, 196. Sulimirski (at 196n11, 212) footnotes to G. Vernadsky and others.〕 Their direct political connection to Poland, however, would remain somewhat uncertain.〔Cf., George Vernadsky, ''Ancient Russia'' (New Haven: Yale University 1943) at 78–90, 129–137. "()he Alans struck deeper roots in Russia, and entered into closer cooperation with the natives—especially with the Slavs—than any other migratory tribe. It was, as we know, by the Alanic clans that the Slavic tribes of the Antes were organized." Vernadsky (1943) at 135.〕 In his 1970 publication ''The Sarmatians'' (in the series "Ancient Peoples and Places") Tadeusz Sulimirski (1898–1983), a Polish-British historian, archaeologist, and researcher on the ancient Sarmatians, discusses the abundant evidence of the ancient Sarmatian presence in Eastern Europe, e.g., the finds of various grave goods such as pottery, weapons, and jewelry. Possible ethnological and social influences on the Polish szlachta would include tamga-inspired heraldry, social organization, military practices, and burial customs.〔T. Sulimirski, ''The Sarmatians' (1970) at 151–155 (Tamghas); at 166–167 (pottery, spears heads, other grave goods; tamgha-inspired heraldry), at 194–196 (jewelry, tribal authority).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sarmatism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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