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scapegoat
A scapegoat is a person or animal which takes on the sins of others, or is unfairly blamed for problems. The concept comes originally from Leviticus, in which a goat is designated to be cast into the desert with the sins of the community. Other ancient societies had similar practices. In psychology and sociology, the practice of selecting someone as a scapegoat has led to the concept of scapegoating.
==Etymology==
(詳細はLeviticus 16:8. The lexicographer Gesenius〔Gesenius "I have no doubt that it should be rendered 'averter'"〕 and Brown–Driver–Briggs Hebrew Lexicon〔p736〕 give ''la-azazel'' (Hebrew: עזאזל) as a reduplicative intensive of the stem ''azel'' "remove", hence ''la-azazel,'' "for entire removal". This reading is supported by the Greek Old Testament translation as "the sender away (of sins)".
Alternatively, broadly contemporary with the Septuagint, the pseudepigraphical Book of Enoch may preserve Azazel as the name of a fallen angel.〔Archie T. Wright ''The origin of evil spirits: the reception of Genesis 6.1-4'' Page 111 2005 "However, the corresponding Aramaic fragment of / Enoch 10.4 does not use the name Azazel; instead, the name has been reconstructed by Milik to read Asa'el. Stuckenbruck suggests the presence of the biblical form Azazel in the Ethiopic〕〔Wright, David P. "Azazel". Pages 1:536-37 in Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman et al. New York: Doubleday, 1992.〕〔''The symbolism of the Azazel goat'' Ralph D. Levy 1998 "This is still fairly straightforward, and is translated by the majority of the versions as "for Azazel" (Targums Onkelos and Pseudo-Jonathan follow this understanding, as do the RSV, NRSV, REB, and Tanakh). KJV and NKJV have "to be the scapegoat"〕 English Christian Bible versions traditionally follow the translation of the Septuagint and Latin Vulgate which interpret ''azazel'' as "the goat that departs" (Greek ''tragos apopompaios'', "goat sent out", Latin ''caper emissarius'', "emissary goat"). William Tyndale rendered the Latin as "(e)scape goat" in his 1530 Bible. This translation was followed by following versions up to the King James Version of the Bible in 1611: "And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the Lord, and the other lot for the scapegoat." Several modern versions however either follow the reading as a demon, Azazel, or footnote "for Azazel." as an alternative reading.
Jewish sources in the Talmud (Yoma 6:4,67b) give the etymology of ''azazel'' as a compound of "az", strong or rough, and "el", mighty, that the goat was sent from the most rugged or strongest of mountains. From the Targums onwards the term ''azazel'' was also seen by some rabbinical commentators as the name of a Hebrew demon, angelic force, or pagan deity.〔The JPS guide to Jewish traditions - Page 224 Ronald L. Eisenberg, Jewish Publication Society - 2004 "(Leviticus 16:8–10). In talmudic times, a popular rabbinic interpretation was that Azazel referred to the place to which the goat was sent, the eretz g'zera (inaccessible region) of Leviticus (16:22). Later, Azazel became associated with another..."〕 The two readings are still disputed today.〔The JPS Torah Commentary: Leviticus Nahum M. Sarna, Chaim Potok, Jewish Publication Society - 1989 " According to the first, Azazel is the name of the place in the wilderness to which the scapegoat was dispatched; ... According to the second line of interpretation, Azazel describes the goat. The word ' aza''zel is a contraction〕
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