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The scapular (from Latin ''scapulae'', "shoulders") is a Christian garment suspended from the shoulders. There are two types of scapular, the monastic and devotional scapular, although both forms may simply be referred to as "scapular."〔J L Neve, 2007, ''Churches and Sects of Christendom'' ISBN 1-4067-5888-4 page 158〕〔Catherine Fournier, 2007, ''Marian Devotion in the Domestic Church'' Ignatius Press ISBN 1-58617-074-0 page 18〕 As an object of popular piety, it serves to remind the wearer of their commitment to live a Christian life. The "monastic scapular" appeared first, perhaps as early as the 7th century in the Order of Saint Benedict.〔Mackenzie Edward Charles Walcott, 2008, ''Sacred Archaeology'' Kessinger Publishing ISBN 978-0-548-86235-3 page 70〕 It is a somewhat large length of cloth suspended both front and back from the shoulders of the wearer, often reaching to the knees. It may vary in shape, color, size and style. Monastic scapulars originated as aprons worn by medieval monks, and were later extended to habits for members of religious organizations, orders or confraternities. Monastic scapulars now form part of the habit of monks and nuns in many Christian orders.〔William Johnston, ''Encyclopedia of Monasticism'' ISBN 1-57958-090-4 page 310〕 The "devotional scapular" is a much smaller item and evolved from the monastic scapular. These may also be worn by individuals who are not members of a monastic order. The Anglican Communion considers them sacramentals. The devotional scapular typically consists of two small (usually rectangular) pieces of cloth, wood or laminated paper, a few inches in size, which may bear religious images or text. These are joined by two bands of cloth and the wearer places one square on the chest, rests the bands one on each shoulder and lets the second square drop down the back.〔James O'Toole, 2005, ''Habits of Devotion: Catholic Religious Practice in Twentieth-Century America'', Cornell University Press ISBN 978-0-8014-7255-8 page 98〕〔Matthew Bunson, 2004, ''Encyclopedia of Catholic History'', OSV Press ISBN 978-1-59276-026-8 page 804〕 In many cases, both forms of the scapular come with a set of promises for the faithful who wear them. Some of the promises are rooted in tradition, and others have been formally approved by religious leaders. For instance, for Roman Catholics, as for some other objects of popular piety, over the centuries several popes have approved specific indulgences for scapulars.〔Frances Andrews, 2006, ''The Other Friars: The Carmelite, Augustinian, Sack and Pied Friars in the Middle Ages'', ISBN 978-1-84383-258-4 page 33〕 〔Samuel Phillips Day, 2009, ''Monastic institutions'' BiblioLife ISBN 1-103-07534-9 page 108〕 ==History== The scapular may have emerged from an apron-like piece of cloth worn by monks. Item 55 of the Rule of Saint Benedict, dating to the 7th century refers to the use of the scapular.〔Robert Maguire, 2008, ''Papal Indulgences: Two Lectures'' Kessinger Publishing ISBN 1-4370-2970-1 page 53〕〔Andre Vauchez, 2001, ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages'', Fitzroy Dearborn Press ISBN 978-1-57958-282-1 page 1314〕〔Terryl Nancy Kinder, 2002, ''Cistercian Europe'', Eardman Press ISBN 0-8028-3887-1 page 59〕〔Rule of St Benedict (RB) ch. 55.4-6: "… in temperate regions for each monk a "hood(ed cloak)"(? ''cucullam'', cowl) and tunic will suffice – in winter a woolen "hood(ed cloak)"(? ''cucullam'', cowl) is necessary, in summer a thinner or worn one –, and a ''scapular'' for work, and footwear: socks (''pedules'', slip-shoes) and shoes …" Timothy Fry, "RB 1980", p. 262, comments: "This word (''scapulare'') is found in antiquity only here in RB and in ''Vita patr. iuren.'' 3.5, where it appears as a summer garment. De Vogüé 6.916 thinks it is a modified version of the ''cuculla'' specially adapted for work. It clearly derives from the Latin ''scapula'', meaning "shoulders", and it may reasonably be concluded that it was a sleeveless or short-sleeved garment … However, A. Guillaumont, "Évagre le Pontique: Traité Pratique" (SC 171, Paris, Éditions du Cerf 1971, p. 488), suggests that the scapular may be the equivalent to the Greek ''analabos'', which Cassian (''inst.'' 1,5) translates uncertainly by three terms: ''subcinctoria'', ''redimicula'' and ''rebracchiatoria'', the purpose of which is to fasten the tunic for work."〕〔RB 55.6 has unspecific "work", not "manual work" (in RB 48.1 called "manual labour"), whilst elsewhere there is mention of the "Work of God", arguably not only in connection with prayer (e.g. RB 7.63, 22.6, 58.7). Apparently therefore RB regards both prayer and labour as "work". Thus, whether in the oratory or in the fields, a monk is always at work, and so a "scapular for work" is to be worn always. RB 22.5 supports those who hold that it is meant to be worn even during the night rest. These considerations support the view that St Benedict meant the scapular to be worn not as protective wear but for a symbolic reason, such as with regard to the purpose of the monk in the monastery. The monks purpose is evident from RB's own purpose, which is a compilation of precepts for those who wish by "the labour of obedience to return to him from whom they had drifted through the sloth of disobedience" (RB Prol 2) and therefore, in response to "the Lord seeking his workman in the multitude of people" (RB Prol 14), undergo "teaching" in "a school of the Lord's service" (RB Prol 45-50). The wearing of the scapular therefore seems to signal that the Lord's workman is going about his master's work. A light or minimal item of clothing, as has been suggested on linguistic grounds, would be better suited to a symbolic than a protective use.〕 In the Western Church the key elements of a monk's habit eventually became the tunic, the cincture, the scapular and the hood. A nun's costume included the tunic, the scapular and the head veil.〔William Johnston, ''Encyclopedia of Monasticism'' ISBN 1-57958-090-4 page 309〕 Some authors interpret the scapular as a ''symbolic apron'' based on the fact that monks and nuns, when engaged on some manual labor, tend to cover it with a protective apron or carefully tuck it up or throw the front length back over their shoulder to prevent it from getting in the way.〔Terrence Kardong, 1996, ''Benedict's Rule: A Translation and Commentary'' Liturgical Press ISBN 0-8146-2325-5 page 444〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「scapular」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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