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In psychology, schizotypy is a theory stating that there is a continuum of personality characteristics and experiences ranging from normal dissociative, imaginative states to more extreme states related to psychosis and in particular, schizophrenia. This is in contrast to a categorical view of psychosis, where psychosis is considered to be a particular (usually pathological) state, that someone either has, or has not. ==Development of the concept== The categorical view of psychosis is most associated with Emil Kraepelin, who created criteria for the medical diagnosis and classification of different forms of psychotic illness. Particularly, he made the distinction between dementia praecox (now called schizophrenia), manic depressive insanity and non-psychotic states. Modern diagnostic systems used in psychiatry (such as the DSM) maintain this categorical view.〔American Psychiatric Association (1994). ''DSM IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition''. Washington: APA.〕 In contrast, psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler did not believe there was a clear separation between sanity and madness, believing instead that psychosis was simply an extreme expression of thoughts and behaviours that could be present to varying degrees throughout the population.〔Bleuler, E. (1911). ''Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias''. Translated by J. Zinkin. New York: International Universities Press, Inc. (1950).〕 This was picked up by psychologists such as Hans Eysenck and Gordon Claridge who sought to understand this variation in unusual thought and behaviour in terms of personality theory. This was conceptualised by Eysenck as a single personality trait named ''psychoticism''.〔See, for example, Eysenck, H.J. (1992). The Definition and Meaning of Psychoticism. ''Personality and Individual Differences'', 13, 757-785.〕 Claridge named his concept ''schizotypy'' and by examining unusual experiences in the general population and the clustering of symptoms in diagnosed schizophrenia, Claridge's work suggested that this personality trait was much more complex, and could break down into four factors.〔Bentall, R.P., Claridge, G. and Slade, P.D. (1989). The multi dimensional nature of schizotypal traits: a factor analytic study with normal subjects. ''British Journal of Clinical Psychology'', 28, 363-375.〕〔Claridge, G.,McCreery, C., Mason, O., Bentall, R.,Boyle, G., Slade, P., & Popplewell, D. (1996). The factor structure of 'schizotypal' traits: A large replication study. ''British Journal of Clinical Psychology'', 35, 103-115.〕 # ''Unusual experiences'': The disposition to have unusual perceptual and other cognitive experiences, such as hallucinations, magical or superstitious belief and interpretation of events (see also delusions). # ''Cognitive disorganization'': A tendency for thoughts to become derailed, disorganised or tangential (see also formal thought disorder). # ''Introverted anhedonia'': A tendency to introverted, emotionally flat and asocial behaviour, associated with a deficiency in the ability to feel pleasure from social and physical stimulation. # ''Impulsive nonconformity'': The disposition to unstable mood and behaviour particularly with regard to rules and social conventions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「schizotypy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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