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Scrip (sometimes in India called chit) is a term for any substitute for legal tender and is often a form of credit. Scrips have been created for payment of employees under the truck system, and for use in local commerce at times when regular currency was unavailable, for example in remote coal towns, military bases, ships on long voyages, or occupied countries in wartime. Besides company scrip, other forms of scrip include land scrip, vouchers, token coins such as subway tokens, IOUs, arcade tokens and tickets, and points on some credit cards. Scrips have gained historical importance and become a subject of study in numismatics and exonumia due to their wide variety and recurring use. Scrip behaves similarly to a currency, and as such can be used to study monetary economics. ==History== Company scrip was a credit against the accrued wages of employees. In the United States, where everything in a mining or logging camp was owned and operated by a single company, scrip provided the workers with credit when their wages had been depleted. These remote locations were cash poor. Workers had very little choice but to purchase food and other goods at a company store. In this way, the company could charge enormous markups on goods in a company store, making workers completely dependent on the company, thus enforcing their "loyalty" to the company. Additionally, while employees could exchange scrip for cash, this could rarely be done at face value. This kind of scrip was valid only within the settlement where it was issued. While store owners in neighboring communities could accept the scrip as currency, they rarely did so at face value, as it was worth less than that. When U.S. President Andrew Jackson issued his Specie Circular of 1836 due to credit shortages, Virginia Scrip was accepted as payment for federal lands. In 19th-century Western Canada, the federal government devised a system of land grants called scrip. Notes in the form of money scrip (valued at $160 or $240) or land scrip, valued at or , were offered to the Métis people in exchange for their Aboriginal rights.〔"Free Land!" in (Moving Here, Staying Here: The Canadian Immigrant Experience ) at Library and Archives Canada〕 During the Great Depression, many local governments were forced to pay employees in scrip at the height of the crisis.〔Chatters, Charles H. "Is Municipal Scrip a Panacea?" ''Public Management'', March 1933〕 Scrip as a ''de facto'' currency within the setting of the mining or logging industry was discontinued around 1952. The expression "scrip" is also used in the stock market where companies can sometimes pay dividends in the form of additional shares/stock rather than in currency.〔List of companies paying scrip dividends〕 It is also a written document that acknowledges debt. After World War I and World War II, scrip was used in Germany and Austria; for details see Notgeld ("emergency currency"). Scrip was used extensively in prisoner-of-war (POW) camps during World War II, at least in countries that complied with the Third Geneva Convention. Under the Geneva Conventions, enlisted POWs could be made to work, but had to be paid for their labor, but not necessarily in cash. Since ordinary currency could be used in escape attempts, they were given scrip that could only be used with the approval of camp authorities, usually only within the camps. The utility of the scrip varied from case to case. In Germany, in particular, the general lack of goods available at POW camps meant that many Allied POWs in German captivity found little use for their POW scrip (''Lagergeld'' in German). Poker chips, also referred to as casino tokens, are commonly used as currency with which to gamble. The use of chips as company currency in the early 19th century in Devon, England, in the Wheal Friendship〔(Crying-fox.com )〕 copper mine gave its name to a local village: Chipshop. Stamp scrip was a type of local currency designed to circulate without being hoarded. The scrip had printed boxes; every month a stamp costing a certain amount (in a typical case, 1% of the face value) had to be purchased and stuck in a box, otherwise the scrip lost all its value, providing a great incentive to spend it quickly. It was used successfully in Germany and Austria in the early 1930s, after national currencies collapsed. National governments considered themselves threatened by the success of stamp scrip projects, and shut them down; similar misgivings discouraged their later use elsewhere.〔(The Guardian newspaper:A maverick currency scheme from the 1930s could save the Greek economy, 18 February 2015 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「scrip」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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