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seawater
Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, or 599 mM), which is a specific gravity of about 1.025. This means that every kilogram (roughly one litre by volume) of seawater has approximately of dissolved salts (predominantly sodium () and chloride () ions). Average density at the surface is 1.025 g/ml. Seawater is denser than both fresh water and pure water (density 1.0 g/ml at ) because the dissolved salts increase the mass by a larger proportion than the volume. The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases. At typical salinity, it freezes at about . The coldest seawater ever recorded (in a liquid state) was in 2010, in a stream under an Antarctic glacier, and measured . Seawater pH is typically limited to a range between 7.5 and 8.4. However, there is no universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements based on different reference scales may be up to 0.14 units.〔Stumm, W, Morgan, J. J. (1981) ''Aquatic Chemistry, An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters''. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 414–416. ISBN 0471048313.〕
==Geochemistry==
The thermal conductivity of seawater is 0.6 W/mK at 25 °C and a salinity of 35 g/kg.
The thermal conductivity decreases with increasing salinity and increases with increasing temperature.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Thermal conductivity of seawater and its concentrates )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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