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sebastokrator
''Sebastokratōr'' ((ギリシア語:σεβαστοκράτωρ); Bulgarian and Serbian: Севастократор; both pronounced ''sevastokrator'') was a senior court title in the late Byzantine Empire. It was also used by other rulers whose states bordered the Empire or were within its sphere of influence (Bulgarian Empire, Serbian Empire). The word is a compound of "''sebastos''" ("venerable", the Greek equivalent of the Latin ''Augustus'') and "''kratōr''" ("ruler", the same element as is found in "''autokratōr''", "emperor"). The wife of a ''sebastokratōr'' was named ''sebastokratorissa'' (Greek: σεβαστοκρατόρισσα) in Greek or ''sevastokratitsa'' (Cyrillic: севастократица) in Serbian and Bulgarian.
==History==
The title was created by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) to honour his elder brother Isaac Komnenos.〔.〕 According to Anna Komnene, Alexios did this to raise Isaac above the rank of ''Caesar'', which he had already promised to his brother-in-law, Nikephoros Melissenos. Anna Komnene compares the rank of ''sebastokratōr'' to "a second emperor", and also records that along with the ''Caesar'' a ''sebastokratōr'' was granted the right to wear a crown (but not the imperial diadem).〔Anna Komnene. ''Alexiad'', 3.4.〕 During the Komnenian dynasty (1081–1185), the title continued to be the highest below that of Emperor until 1163, when Emperor Manuel I created the title of ''despotēs''. During that period, it was given exclusively to members of the imperial family, chiefly younger sons of the emperor.〔
After the dismemberment of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the title was adopted in the Latin Empire, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Bulgarian Empire. In Nicaea and the post-1261 restored Byzantine Empire, the title remained one of the highest court dignities, and was almost always restricted to members of the imperial family. The last known holder of the title was Demetrios Kantakouzenos, a ruler in the Peloponnese in the late 14th century.〔
According to the sources, the distinctive colour associated with the title was blue: the ''sebastokratōr''′s ceremonial costume included blue stockings and blue boots. In circa 1260, according to George Akropolites, the ''sebastokratores'' who were members of the imperial family were distinguished from those who were not by having embroidered golden eagles on their shoes.〔.〕 By the time of pseudo-Kodinos in the mid-14th century, the embroidered eagles on a red field were standard. According to Kodinos, the ceremonial costume also included a red tunic (''chlamys'') and crown (''stephanos'') of red and gold.〔.〕 The ''sebastokratōr'' also had the prerogative of signing documents with a special blue ink.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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