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serendipity
Serendipity means a "fortunate happenstance" or "pleasant surprise". It was coined by Horace Walpole in 1754. In a letter he wrote to a friend, Walpole explained an unexpected discovery he had made by reference to a Persian fairy tale, ''The Three Princes of Serendip''. The princes, he told his correspondent, were “always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things which they were not in quest of”.
The notion of serendipity is a common occurrence throughout the history of scientific innovation such as Alexander Fleming's accidental discovery of penicillin in 1928, the invention of the microwave oven by Percy Spencer in 1945, and the invention of the Post-it note by Spencer Silver in 1968.
The word has been voted one of the ten English words hardest to translate in June 2004 by a British translation company.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher = Global Oneness )〕 However, due to its sociological use, the word has been exported into many other languages.〔For example: Portuguese ''serendipicidade'' or ''serendipidade''; French ''sérendipicité'' or ''sérendipité'' but also ''heureux hasard'', "fortunate chance"; Italian ''serendipità'' ((Italian Dictionary Hoepli, cfr. )); Dutch ''serendipiteit''; German ''Serendipität''; Japanese serendipiti (セレンディピティ); Swedish, Danish and Norwegian ''serendipitet''; Romanian ''serendipitate''; Spanish ''serendipia'', Polish: ''Serendypność''; Finnish ''serendipiteetti''〕
==Etymology==
The first noted use of "serendipity" (meaning pleasant surprise) in the English language was by Horace Walpole (1717–1797). In a letter to Horace Mann (dated 28 January 1754) he said he formed it from the Persian fairy tale ''The Three Princes of Serendip'', whose heroes "were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things they were not in quest of". The name stems from ''Serendip'', an old name for Sri Lanka (aka Ceylon), from Tamil ''Ceralamdivu'', Sanskrit ''Simhaladvipa'' and Arabic ''Sarandīp'' (). Parts of Sri Lanka were under the rule of Tamil kings for extended periods of time in history. Kings of Kerala, India (Cheranadu), were called Ceran Kings and ''divu'', ''tivu'' or ''dheep'', which means island. The island belonging to the Chera King was called ''Cherandeep'', hence ''Sarandib'' by Arab traders.〔M. Ramachandran, Irāman̲ Mativāṇan̲ (1991). ''The spring of the Indus civilisation''. Prasanna Pathippagam, pp. 34. "Srilanka was known as "Cerantivu' (island of the Cera kings) in those days. The seal has two lines. The line above contains three signs in Indus script and the line below contains three alphabets in the ancient Tamil script known as Tamil ...〕
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