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Shaddah ((アラビア語:شَدَّة) ' "(of ) emphasis", also called by the verbal noun from the same root, tashdid ' "emphasis") is one of the diacritics used with the Arabic alphabet, marking a long consonant (geminate). It is functionally equivalent to writing a consonant twice in the orthographies of languages like Latin, Italian, Swedish, and Ancient Greek, and is thus rendered in Latin script in most schemes of Arabic transliteration, e.g. = ' 'pomegranates'. In shape, it is a small letter ''s(h)in'', standing for ''shaddah''. It was devised for poetry by al-Khalil ibn Ahmad in the eighth century, replacing an earlier dot.〔Versteegh, 1997. ''The Arabic language''. p 56.〕 When a shadda is used on a consonant which also takes a ' , it is written above the shaddah, while if it had a (a dash below the consonant indicating that it takes a short as its vowel), the kasrah is written between the consonant and the ', under the shaddah, rather than in its normal place. Consonant length in Arabic is contrastive: ' means 'he studied' while ' means 'he taught'; ' means 'a youth cried' while ' means 'a youth was made to cry'. A consonant may be long because of the form of the noun or verb; e.g., the causative form of the verb requires the 2nd consonant of the root to be long, as in ' above, or by assimilation of consonants, for example the ' of the Arabic definite article ''al-'' assimilates to all dental consonants, e.g. () ' instead of ', or through metathesis, the switching of sounds, for example ' 'less, fewer' (instead of * '), as compared to ' 'greater'. A syllable closed by a long consonant is made a long syllable. This affects both stress and prosody. Stress falls on the first long syllable from the end of the word, hence ' (or, with : ') as opposed to ', 'love, agape' as opposed to ' '(experiential) knowledge'. In Arabic verse, when scanning the meter, a syllable closed by a long consonant is counted as long, just like any other syllable closed by a consonant or a syllable ending in a long vowel: ' 'Will you not indeed praise...?' is scanned as ': short, long, long, short, long, short. ==See also== * Arabic diacritics * Arabic alphabet * Dagesh ḥazak, a functionally similar diacritic used to indicate gemination in Biblical Hebrew 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「shadda」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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