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shadowgraph
Shadowgraph is an optical method that reveals non-uniformities in transparent media like air, water, or glass. It is related to, but simpler than, the schlieren and schlieren photography methods that perform a similar function. Shadowgraph is a type of flow visualisation.
In principle, we cannot directly see a difference in temperature, a different gas, or a shock wave in the transparent air. However, all these disturbances refract light rays, so they can cast shadows. The plume of hot air rising from a fire, for example, can be seen by way of its shadow cast upon a nearby surface by the uniform sunlight.
== Sunlight shadowgraph ==
This technique is as old as nature itself. For example, some aquatic predators detect their transparent prey by way of their shadows cast upon the ocean floor. Nevertheless it was Robert Hooke〔Hooke, R., "Of a New Property in the Air," ''Micrographia'', Observation LVIII,217-219, London(1665).〕 who first scientifically demonstrated the sunlight shadowgraph and Jean-Paul Marat〔Marat, J.-P., ''Recherches physiques sur le feu'', Paris, France:Cl. Ant. Jombert, 1780.〕 who first used it to study fire. A modern account of shadowgraphy is given by G.S. Settles.〔Settles, G. S., ''Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques: Visualizing phenomena in transparent media'', Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 2001.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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