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The ''Shahada'' ((アラビア語:الشهادة) ' , "the testimony"; ''aš-šahādatān'' (, "the two testimonials"); also ''Kalima Shahadat'' (, "the testimonial word")), is an Islamic creed declaring belief in the oneness of God and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's prophet. The declaration, in its shortest form, reads: : : ' :''There is no god but God. Muhammad is the messenger of God.'' : Audio (prefaced by the phrase ''(wa) ašhadu ʾan'' —"(and) I testify, that") == Terminology and significance == The noun ''šahāda'' () — from the verbal root ''šahida'' () meaning "to observe, witness, testify" — translates as "testimony", both in everyday and legal sense.), which is used in the Quran mainly in the sense "witness", has paralleled in its development the Greek ''martys'' () in that it may mean both "witness" and "martyr".〔David Cook, ''Martyrdom (Shahada)'' (Oxford Bibliographies )〕〔''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Volume IX, Klijkebrille, 1997, p. 201.〕 Similarly, ''šahāda'' may also mean "martyrdom", although in modern Arabic the more commonly used word for "martyrdom" is another derivative of the same root, ''istišhād'' ().}} The Islamic creed is also called, in the dual form, ''šahādatān'' (, literally "two testimonials"). The expression ''al-šahāda'' (the Witnessed) is used in Quran as one of the "titles of God".〔Cornell, p.8〕 The statement has two parts – ''la ilaha illa'llah'' (there is no god but God) and ''Muhammadun rasul Allah'' (Muhammad is the messenger of God),〔Lindsay, p.140-141〕 which are sometimes referred to as the first ''shahada'' and the second ''shahada''.〔 The first statement of the shahada is also known as the ''tahlīl.'' Islam's monotheistic nature is reflected in the first ''shahada'' which declares belief in the oneness of God (''tawhid'') and that he is the only entity truly worthy of worship.〔 The second ''shahada'' indicates the means by which God has offered guidance to human beings.〔Cornell, p.10〕 This verse reminds Muslims that they accept not only the prophecy of Muhammad but also the long line of prophets who preceded him.〔 While the first part is seen as a cosmic truth, the second is specific to Islam, as it is understood that members of other Abrahamic religions do not view Muhammad as one of their prophets.〔 ''Shahada'' is a statement of both ritual and worship. In a well-known hadith, Muhammad defines Islam as witnessing that there is no god but God and that Muhammad is God's messenger, giving of alms (''zakat''), performing the ritual prayer, fasting during the month of Ramadan and making a pilgrimage to the Kaaba – these ''five pillars'' of Islam are inherent in this declaration of faith.〔Cornell, p.9〕〔Lindsay, p.149〕 In Shia Islam, the shahada is expanded with the addition of a phrase concerning Ali (the fourth Sunni caliph and the first Shia imam) () which translates to "Ali is the ''wali'' (friend) of God.〔The Later Mughals by William Irvine p.130〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「shahada」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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