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''Shalom'' () (Sephardic Hebrew/Israeli Hebrew: ''shalom''; Ashkenazi Hebrew/Yiddish: ''sholom'', ''sholem'', ''sholoim'', ''shulem'') is a Hebrew word meaning ''peace'', ''harmony'', ''wholeness'', ''completeness'', ''prosperity'', ''welfare'' and ''tranquility'' and can be used idiomatically to mean both ''hello'' and ''goodbye''.〔(Glamour of the Grammar ) in the (Jerusalem Post )〕〔(Blue Letter Bible )〕〔(As mentioned in the Strong's Concordance )〕 As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between man and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. Stendebach and Ringgren writes that a more thorough etymological analysis of Hebrew roots reveal that 'Lom was the basic root word for Shalom.〔"A thorough etymological analysis of the Hebrew roots and their derivatives reveal that 'Lom was the basic root word for Shalom and appears in other languages in similar forms." (Botterweck, Ringgren, and Fabry, Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume XV, pg 13-49, F.J. Stendebach, Helmer Ringgren, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2004, ISBN 0802823378)〕〔http://www.jewishdictionary.org/hebrew-words/shalom.html〕〔"Articles of primary theological importance in Volume XV include these: ' lom ("peace"). https://www.bookdepository.com/Theological-Dictionary-Old-Testament-Pt-15-Helmer-Ringgren/9780802823397〕〔"The prominence of the root-and-pattern system makes it relatively easy to determine both constituents of most Semitic words. This in turn allows the comparison of individual roots across languages. Thus, for example, Arabic salm, "peace, well-being" (English SALAAM), from the Arabic root s-l-m, is clearly cognate with Hebrew lôm, which has the same meaning (English SHALOM), from the Hebrew root -l-m ; both reflect the same Proto-Semitic root, lm. " (Proto-Semitic Language and Culture, John Huehnergard, Dr. Jamshid Abrahim) http://www.jamshid-ibrahim.net/148.0.html〕〔"lm. . . SHALOM; SHALOM ALEICHEM, from Hebrew lm, well-being, peace ." Appendix II, The Appendix of Semitic Roots,,The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000, Houghton Mifflin Company.〕〔Gehman, Henry Snyder. "'Επισκέπομαι, ἐπίσκεψις, ἐπίσκοπος, and ἐπισκοπή: In the Septuagint in Relation to פקד and Other Hebrew Roots: A Case of Semantic Development Similar to That of Hebrew." Vetus Testamentum (1972): 197-207.〕〔Segal, J. B. "Neo-Aramaic Proverbs of the Jews of Zakho", Journal of Near Eastern Studies (1955): 251-270.〕〔De Jassy, O. Neufchotz. "The Mythological Hebrew Terms Explained by the Sanskrit." The Monist (1908): 126-142.〕 The word shalom is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is ''salaam'', ''sliem'' in Maltese, Shlama in Syriac-Assyrian and ''sälam'' in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root Š-L-M. ==Etymology== In Hebrew, the root of the word (usually in a three or occasionally four letter format), and depending on the vowels that are used, has several meanings (that are relevant to the general meaning of the word Shalom); as for example: One meaning is "Whole", another could be the actual verb "Pay" usually in command form. The conjugated verb has other spins that are worth noting, such as: "Hishtalem" meaning "it was worth it" or "Shulam" as "it was paid for" or "Meshulam" as in "paid in advance." Hence one can jokingly say that, "when it's paid-for then there is peace." The Hebrew term ''shalom'' is roughly translated to other languages as ''peace'' () (i.e. ''paz'' (and Pr. ), ''paix'' (), ''pace'' ()), from the Latin ''pax''. Pax, in Latin, means peace, but it was also used to mean truce or treaty. So, deriving from the definition and use in Latin, most Romance terms simply use the word peace to mean such, and also provides a relational application (be it personal, social or political) – a state of mind and affairs. Peace is an important word in the Christian sacred scriptures and liturgy. ''Eirene'', the Greek term translated to peace, also means quietness and rest. Shalom, in the liturgy and in the transcendent message of the Christian scriptures, means more than a state of mind, of being or of affairs. Derived from the Hebrew root ''shalam'' – meaning to be safe or complete, and by implication, to be friendly or to reciprocate. Shalom, as term and message, seems to encapsulate a reality and hope of wholeness for the individual, within societal relations, and for the whole world. To say joy and peace, meaning a state of affairs where there is no dispute or war, does not begin to describe the sense of the term. Completeness seems to be at the center of shalom as we will see in the meaning of the term itself, in some derivatives from its root, shalam, in some examples of its uses in Jewish and Christian Scriptures, and in some homophone terms from other Semitic languages. The noun shalom means safe, for example, well and happy. On a more abstract application, its use points to welfare, for example, health, prosperity, and, peace. It is the verb form ''shalam'', though, that provides a deeper understanding of this term in theology, doctrine, and liturgy. Literally translated, shalam signals to a state of safety, but figuratively it points to completeness. In its use in Scripture, shalom describes the actions that lead to a state of soundness, or better yet wholeness. So to say, shalom seems not to merely speak of a state of affairs, but describes a process, an activity, a movement towards fullness. Using the King James Version as reference, James Strong lists the rendering of shalom and shalam, among others, as: * To make amends * To make good * To be (or to make) peace * To restore * Peace * Prosperity * Wellness The use of shalom in the Scriptures always points towards that transcendent action of wholeness. Shalom is seen in reference to the wellbeing of others (Genesis 43.27, Exodus 4.18), to treaties (I Kings 5.12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122.6, Jeremiah 29.7). Coincidentally, the root ''shalem'', means peaceful - though it is sometimes posited that this root is found in the name of the city Jerusalem (combined with ''yara'', meaning to lay or found), this is likely a re-etymologization.〔Names of Jerusalem#Jerusalem〕 Yet, its transcendence lies in its relationship to truth and justice (Psalm 85.10, Isaiah 48.18, 22, 57.19–21). The wholeness of shalom, through justice and truth, inspires the words of hope for the work expected by the messiah, and to refer to its revelation as the time of peace (Haggai 2.7–9, Isaiah 2.2–4, 11.1–9), and to even grant this anointed one the title Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9.6, Micah 5.4–5a). In the Christian Scriptures, the term ''eirene'' is employed to mean peace, but in its application, seeking for it the transcendence of its Hebrew counterpart, peace is better understood in relation to terms like grace (Romans 1.7), righteousness (Romans 14.17), and life (Romans 8.6). It is also employed in benedictions, like that in I Thessalonians 5.23 and Hebrews 13.20–21, perhaps making echo to prayers of peace common throughout the Hebrew Scriptures and Jewish benedictions (Numbers 6.22–27). This sense of completeness, central to the term shalom could also be confirmed in homophonic terms found in other Semitic languages. The term ''shelam'', of Chaldean origin, seems to mean both peace and restoration. Aramaic derivations of the terms shalom and shalam are said to mean peace, safety, completeness and welfare. The Assyrian term ''salamu'' means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. ''Sulmu'', another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as concept and action is seen in the Arabic root ''salaam''. Meaning to be safe, secure, and forgiven, among other things. It also proposes a personal commitment to the concept, action, and transcendence of peace – Salaam is also the root for the terms Muslim and Islam, literally translated, he/she who submits to God and submission to God, respectively. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「shalom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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