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The shawm is a conical bore, double-reed woodwind instrument made in Europe from the 12th century (at the latest) to the present day. It achieved its peak of popularity during the medieval and Renaissance periods, after which it was gradually eclipsed by the oboe family of descendant instruments in classical music. It was likely of ancient origin and was imported to Europe from the Islamic East at some point between the 9th and 12th centuries. Its name is linguistically related to the Arabic ''zamr'', the Turkish ''zūrnā'', the Persian ''surnāy'', the Chinese ''suona'', the Javanese ''saruni'', and the Hindu ''sahanai'' or ''sanayi''.〔Anthony C. Baines and Martin Kirnbauer, "Shawm (shalm, shalmie, schalmuse )", ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).〕 The body of the shawm is usually turned from a single piece of wood, and terminates in a flared bell somewhat like that of a trumpet. Beginning in the 16th century, shawms were made in several sizes, from sopranino to great bass, and four and five-part music could be played by a consort consisting entirely of shawms. All later shawms (excepting the smallest) have at least one key allowing a downward extension of the compass; the keywork is typically covered by a perforated wooden cover called the ''fontanelle''. The bassoon-like double reed, made from the same ''Arundo donax'' cane used for oboes and bassoons, is inserted directly into a socket at the top of the instrument, or in the larger types, on the end of a metal tube called the bocal. The ''pirouette'', a small cylindrical piece of wood with a hole in the middle resembling a thimble, is placed over the reed—this provides support for the lips and embouchure. Since only a short portion of the reed protrudes past the pirouette, the player has only limited contact with the reed, and therefore limited control of dynamics. The shawm’s conical bore and flaring bell, combined with the style of playing dictated by the use of a pirouette, gives the instrument a piercing, trumpet-like sound, well-suited for out-of-doors performance. ==Etymology== In English the name only first appears in the 14th century. There were originally three main variant forms, (1) ''schallemele'' (''shamulle'' or ''shamble''), (2) ''s(c)halmys'' (''shalemeyes'' or ''chalemyes'', all plural forms in Middle English), and (3) ''sc(h)almuse'' (or ''schalmesse''), each derived from a corresponding variant in Old French: ''chalemel'', ''chalemie'', and ''chalemeaux'' (the plural of ''chalemel''), each in turn derived from the Latin ''calamus'' ("reed"), or its Vulgar Latin diminutive form, ''calamellus''. (The name of a somewhat different reed instrument, the chalumeau, also shares this etymology.) The early plural forms were often mistaken for a singular, and new plurals were formed from them. The later reduction in the 15th and 16th centuries to a single syllable in forms such as ''schalme'', ''shaume'', ''shawme'', and finally (in the 16th century) "shawm", was probably due to this confusion of plural and singular forms.〔.〕 In German the shawm is called ''Schalmei'' (or for the larger members of the family ''Bombard''—also in English in the 14th century—later corrupted to ''Bombhardt'' and finally in the 17th century to ''Pommer''〔Sibyl Marcuse, ''Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary'', corrected edition (The Norton Library N758) (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975): 58〕) However, it is also possible that the name comes from the Arabic ''salamiya'' (سلامية), a traditional oboe from Egypt, as the European shawm seems to have been developed from similar instruments brought to Europe from the Near East during the time of the Crusades. This is borne out by the very similar names of many folk shawms used as traditional instruments in various European nations: in Spain, many traditional shawms with different names can be found, such as the Castilian, Aragonese, and Leonese dulzaina (sometimes called chirimía, a term that derives from the same Old French word as shawm); the Valencian and Catalan shawms (''xirimia'', ''dolçaina'', or ''gralla'') or the Navarrese ''gaita''. In Portugal there is an instrument called ''charamela''; and the name of the Italian shawm is ''ciaramella'' (or: ''cialamello'', ''cennamella'').〔''Dizionario enciclopedico universale della musica e dei musicisti'', edited by Alberto Basso, (12+2 volumes), Il lessico - vol. I, Torino, UTET, 1983, p. 550.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「shawm」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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