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shemale
Shemale (also known as she-male) is a term primarily used in sex work to describe a trans woman with male genitalia and female secondary sex characteristics, usually including breasts from breast augmentation or use of hormones. Many transgender people regard the term ''shemale'' as offensive, arguing that it mocks or shows a lack of respect toward the gender identity and gender expression of transgender individuals; in this view, the term emphasizes the biological sex of a person and neglects their gender. Using the term ''shemale'' for a transsexual woman often implies that she is working in the sex trade.〔 The phrase is commonly found on porn sites.
The term ''shemale'' has been used since the mid-19th century, when it was a humorous colloquialism for ''female'', especially an aggressive woman.
==Academic use==
Some biologists have used ''shemale'' to refer to male non-human animals displaying female traits or behaviors, such as female pheromones being given off by male reptiles.〔Shine, R., Phillips, B., & Waye, H., LeMaster, M., & Mason, R. T. (2001). Benefits of female mimicry in snakes: She-male garter snakes exploit the amorous attentions of other males to warm up. ''Nature, 414'', 267.〕〔Mason, R. T., & Crew, D. (1985). Female mimicry in garter snakes. ''Nature, 316'', 59-60.〕〔Rubenstein, D. I. (1985). Animal behaviour: The serpent's seductive scent. ''Nature, 316'', 18-19.〕〔Moore, M. C., & Lindsey, J. (1992). The physiological basis of sexual behavior in male reptiles. In C. Gans and D. Crews, ''Hormones, brain and behavior: Biology of the reptilia'', vol. 13, physiology E, pp. 70-113.〕 Biologist Joan Roughgarden has criticised the use of the term in the reptile literature, which she says is "degrading and has been borrowed from the porn industry."〔Flam, Faye (2008).''The Score: How the Quest for Sex Has Shaped the Modern Man. ''Avery, ISBN 978-1-58333-312-9〕 She writes that ''gynomorphic male'' and ''andromorphic female'' are preferred in scientific literature, adding, "I hope future work on these animals is carried out with more professionalism."〔Roughgarden, Joan (2005). ''Evolution's rainbow: diversity, gender, and sexuality in nature and people.'' University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-24679-9〕
The term is also used by some psychologists to refer to male-to-female transsexual people who have transitioned to female but have not undergone genital surgery.〔〔Bailey, J. Michael (2003). ''The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism''. Joseph Henry Press, ISBN 978-0-309-08418-5〕〔〔Olsson, S.-E., & Möller, A. (2006). Regret after sex reassignment surgery in a male-to-female transsexual: A long-term follow-up. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 501-506.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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