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shetani
Shetani (the word is both singular and plural in English, the plural in Swahili is ''mashetani'') are spirits of East African mythology and popular belief. Mostly malevolent, and found in many different forms and different types with different powers, shetani are a popular subject of carved artwork, especially by the Makonde people of Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. Physically, shetani of various types appear as distorted human and animal figures.
There is a contemporary East African shetani cult, and reports of sightings of individual shetani are cyclical, with Popo Bawa panics having occurred in 1995 in Zanzibar〔"Today the cult of the shetani (meaning a spirit or spirits, the word is singular or plural) is still going strong in Zanzibar and Pemba – a dark undercurrent unseen and unknown by the majority of visitors." ''Zanzibar: The Bradt Travel Guide'', fifth edition, 2006 "The Shetani Of Zanzibar" Gemma Pitcher http://www.zanzibar-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1847〕 and 2007 in Dar es Salaam.
The influential Makonde artist George Lilanga (1934–2005) gained world renown with his shetani sculptures and paintings. Samaki Likankoa,master carver in Tanzania was the foremost originator of the shetani style in early 1950s. Mohamed Peera, an Indian art curator was a major patron and influence to many makonde carvers such as Samaki, and played a decisive role in the abstract shetani makonde movement from the early 1950s to 1970s.
==Etymology==
A Swahili word used in various East African nations to refer to mostly malevolent native pre-Islamic spirits, ''shetani'' (pl. ''mashetani''), is a borrowing from the Arabic, ''Shaitan'', meaning ''devil'', or, more specifically, ''adversary''. The word is cognate with the English word ''Satan'' which comes ultimately from the same Semitic root.〔''A host of devils: the history and context of the making of Makonde spirit sculpture,'' Zachary Kingdon, p 118.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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