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shikantaza
is a Japanese translation of a Chinese term for zazen introduced by Rujing, a monk of the Caodong school of Zen Buddhism. In Japan, it is associated with the Soto school.
==Etymology==
The term ''shikantaza'' is attributed to Dōgen's teacher Tiantong Rujing (1162-1228), and it literally means, "nothing but (''shikan'') precisely (''da'') sitting (''za'')."〔Fischer-Schreiber, 321〕 In other words, Dōgen means, "doing only zazen whole-heartedly" or "single-minded sitting."〔Akishige, 18〕〔Shaner, 158〕
''Shikantaza'' is the Sino-Japanese reading of the Chinese words ''zhị̌guǎn'' 只管 "by all means; merely, simply; only concerned with" and ''dǎzuò'' 打坐 "() sit in meditation".〔DeFrancis, John, ed. (2003), ''ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary'', University of Hawaii Press, p. 1267, 182.〕 The ''Digital Dictionary of Buddhism'' translates ''shikan'' or ''zhǐguǎn'' 只管 as "to focus exclusively on", ''taza'' or ''dǎzuò'' 打坐 as "to squat, sit down cross-legged", which corresponds with Sanskrit ''utkuṭuka-stha'', and translates ''shikan taza'' from ''zhǐguǎn dǎzuò'' 只管打坐 (or ''qíguǎn dǎzuò'' 祇管打坐 with qí "earth god; local god") as "meditation of just sitting", explained as the "Zen form of meditation chiefly associated with the Sōtō school, which places emphasis on emptying the mind, in contrast to the kōan method".〔Charles Muller, (Dictionary of Buddhism ), 2010.〕
James Ishmael Ford says some authors hypothetically trace the root of ''shikantaza'' "just sitting" to vipassana meditation, but "this is far from certain."〔Ford, 29-30〕 Japanese has many homophones pronounced ''shikan'', and this etymological mix-up about ''shikan'' 只管 "only; just" stems from a more commonly used word that translates the Sanskrit "''śamatha'' and ''vipaśyanā''," names for the two basic forms of Buddhist meditation: Japanese ''shikan'' 止観 "concentration and observation"〔Watanabe Toshirō (渡邊敏郎), Edmund R. Skrzypczak, and Paul Snowden, eds. (2003), ''Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary'' (新和英大辞典), 5th edition, Kenkyusha, 1125. This bilingual dictionary lists 止観 and 21 other words pronounced ''shikan'' (e.g., 仕官 "government service" and 弛緩 "relaxation") but not ''shikan'' 只管.〕 (as practiced by the Tendai sect), from Chinese ''zhǐguān'' 止觀 "() keep mental calm while observing the universe" (cf. the ''Mohe Zhiguan''),〔DeFrancis (2003), 1267.〕 which compounds ''shi'' or ''zhǐ'' 止 "stop; stabilize; ''śamatha''" and ''kan'' or ''guān'' 觀 "observe; contemplate; ''vipaśyanā''". An instance of the confusion of 止観 for 只管 is Steve Hagen's claim that "''shi'' (is referring to Dōgen's '只' ) means tranquility ('止' ), ''kan'' (is referring to Dōgen's '管' ) means awareness ('観' ), ''ta'' means hitting exactly the right spot (not one atom off), and ''za'' means to sit."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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