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Shiksha (Devanagari: शिक्षा IAST: ) is one of the six Vedangas, treating the traditional Hindu science of phonetics and phonology of Sanskrit. Its aim is the teaching of the correct pronunciation of the Vedic hymns and mantras. The oldest phonetic textbooks are the Pratishakyas (', a vrddhi abstract from Sanskrit '), describing pronunciation and intonation of Sanskrit, as well as the Sanskrit rules of sandhi (word combination) specific to individual schools or Shakhas of the Vedas. ==Pratishakhyas== The Pratishakhyas, which evolved from the more ancient Vedic Texts padapathas (') around 800 BCE, deal with the manner in which the Vedas are to be enunciated. There are separate Pratishakhyas for each Veda. They complement the books called Shiksha written by various authorities. Five Pratishakhyas are preserved: * Rigveda-Pratishakya (Shakala shakha), attributed to Shaunaka * Shukla Yajurveda-Pratishakhya * Taittiriya (Krishna Yajurveda) Pratishakhya, ed. Whitney 1871 () * Atharvaveda-Pratishakhya (Shaunakiya shakha) * Shaunakiya Chaturaadhyaayika (Shaunakiya shakha) The Shiksha Texts and the Pratishakhyas led to great clarity in understanding the surface structure of language. For clarity of pronunciation, they propose breaking up the large Vedic compounds into stems, prefixes, and suffixes. Certain styles of recitation ('), such as the '','' involved switching syllables, repeating the last word of a line at the beginning of the next, and other permutations. In the process, a considerable amount of morphology is discussed, particularly regarding the combination of sequential sounds, which leads to the modalities of sandhi. An even more important discovery recorded in the Pratishakhya texts (particularly the Samaveda Pratishakhya, which is claimed to be the earliest〔Staal, J. F., ''The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science''. North-Holland Publishing Company, 1986.〕), is an organization of the stop consonant sounds into a 5x5 ''varga'' or square: : :ca cha ja jha ña : :ta tha da dha na :pa pha ba bha ma in which difference between sounds is preserved whether you recite it horizontally or vertically. It was extended and completed with fricatives and sibilants, semi-vowels, and vowels, and was eventually codified into the Brahmi alphabet, which is one of the most systematic sound-to-writing mappings. Scholar Frits Staal has commented, "Mendelejev's Periodic system of elements, the varga system was the result of centuries of analysis. In the course of that development, the basic concepts of phonology were discovered and defined.〔Frits Staal, ''The science of language'', Chapter 16 in Gavin Flood, The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism Blackwell Publishing, 2003, 599 pages ISBN 0-631-21535-2, p. 352.〕" The Varga system and the Pratishakshyas, contributions of the Shiksha texts, are elaborate systems which deal with the generation and classification of sound. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「shiksha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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