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shoin
is a type of audience hall in Japanese architecture that was developed during the Muromachi period.〔Ueda, Atsushi. (1990). The Inner Harmony of the Japanese House〕 The term originally meant a study and a place for lectures on the sūtra within a temple, but later it came to mean just a drawing room or study.〔Iwanami Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version〕 From this room takes its name the ''shoin-zukuri'' style. In a shoin-zukuri building, the ''shoin'' is the ''zashiki'', a tatami-room dedicated to the reception of guests.
The emerging architecture of the Muromachi period was subsequently influenced by the increasing use and appearance of ''shoin''. One of the most noticeable changes in architecture to arise from the ''shoin'' came from the practice of lining their floors with tatami mats. Since ''tatami'' mats have a standardized size the floor plans for ''shoin'' rooms had to be developed around the proportions of the ''tatami'' mat; this in turn affected the proportions of doors, the height of rooms, and other aspects of the structure.〔 Before the ''shoin'' popularized the practice of lining floors with ''tatami'' mats it had been standard to only bring out a single ''tatami'' mat for the highest-ranking person in the room to sit on.〔
The architecture surrounding and influenced by the ''shoin'' quickly developed many other distinguishing features. Since the guests sat on the floor instead of on furniture, they were positioned at a lower vantage point than their Chinese counterparts who were accustomed to using furniture.〔 This lower vantage point generated such developments as the suspended ceilings which functioned to make the room feel less expansive, and also resulted in the ceilings rafters being no longer visible as they were in China.〔 The new suspended ceilings also allowed for more elaborate decoration, resulting in many highly ornate suspended ceilings in addition to the much simpler ones.〔 Another characteristic development to arise from the lower vantage point were the ''tokonoma'' and ''chigaidana''. The ''tokonoma'' was an elevated recess built into the wall to create a space for displaying the Chinese art which was popular at the time at a comfortable eye level.〔 The ''chigaidana'', or "staggered shelves", were shelving structures built into the ''tokonoma'' to display smaller objects.〔 Occurring at the same time as the development of the ''shoin'' architecture, the ''fusuma'', or "sliding doors", were becoming a popular means to divide rooms.〔 As a result, columns began to be created that were square-shaped to accommodate the sliding doors.〔
The asymmetry of the ''tokonoma'' and ''chigaidana'' pair, as well as the squared pillars differentiated the ''shoin'' design with the Chinese design at the time which preferred symmetric pairs of furniture and round pillars.〔 Soon after its advent ''shoin'' architecture became associated with these evolving elements as it became the predominant format for formal gathering rooms.〔
== References ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「shoin」の詳細全文を読む
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