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Shqip(ë)tar (plural: ''Shqip(ë)tarët'', feminine: ''Shqip(ë)tare''); , ''Shqiptar''), is an Albanian language ethnonym (autonym), by which Albanians call themselves.〔 They call their country ''Shqipëria'' and or ''Shqypnia/Shqipnia'' (in northern Albanian dialects).〔 During the Middle Ages, the Albanians called their country ''Arbëri/Arbëni'' and referred to themselves as ''Arbëresh/Arbënesh'' while known through derivative terms by neighbouring peoples as ''Arbineş'', ''Arbanas(i)'', ''Arvanites'', ''Arnaut'' and so on.〔Kamusella, Tomasz (2009). ''The politics of language and nationalism in modern Central Europe''. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 241. "Prior to the emergence of the modern self-ethnonym ''Shqiptarë'' in the mid-16th century (for the first time it was recorded in 1555 by the Catholic Gheg, Gjon Buzuku, in his missal), North Albanians (Ghegs) refereed to themselves as ''Arbën'', and South Albanians (Tosks) ''Arbër''. Hence, the self-ethnonym ''Arbëreshë'' of the present-day Italo-Albanians (numbering about 100,000) in southern Italy and Sicily, whose ancestors, in the wake of the Ottoman wars, emigrated from their homeland in the 14th century. These self-ethnonyms perhaps influenced the Byzantine Greek Arvanites for ‘Albanians,’ which was followed by similar ones in Bulgarian and Serbian (''Arbanasi''), Ottoman (''Arnaut''), Romanian (''Arbănas''), and Aromanian (''Arbineş'')."〕〔Lloshi, Xhevat (1999). “Albanian”. In Hinrichs, Uwe, & Uwe Büttner (eds). ''Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik''. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 277. "The Albanians of today call themselves ''shqiptarë'', their country ''Shqipëri'', and their language ''shqipe''. These terms came into use between the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. Foreigners call them ''albanesi'' (Italian), ''Albaner'' (German), ''Albanians'' (English), ''Alvanos'' (Greek), and ''Arbanasi'' (old Serbian), the country ''Albania'', ''Albanie'', ''Albanien'', ''Alvania'', and ''Albanija'', and the language ''Albanese'', ''Albanisch'', ''Albanian'', ''Alvaniki'', and ''Arbanashki'' respectively. All these words are derived from the name ''Albanoi'' of an Illyrian tribe and their center ''Albanopolis'', noted by the astronomer of Alexandria, Ptolemy, in the 2nd century AD. ''Alban'' could he a plural of ''alb''- ''arb''-, denoting the inhabitants of the plains (ÇABEJ 1976). The name passed over the boundaries of the Illyrian tribe in central Albania, and was generalised for all the Albanians. They called themselves ''arbënesh'', ''arbëresh'', the country ''Arbëni'', ''Arbëri'', and the language ''arbëneshe'', ''arbëreshe''. In the foreign languages, the Middle Ages denominations of these names survived, but for the Albanians they were substituted by ''shqiptarë'', ''Shqipëri'' and ''shqipe''. The primary root is the adverb ''shqip'', meaning “clearly, intelligibly”. There is a very close semantic parallel to this in the German noun ''Deutsche'', “the Germans” and “the German language” (Lloshi 1984) Shqip spread out from the north to the south, and ''Shqipni/Shqipëri'' is probably a collective noun, following the common pattern of ''Arbëni'', ''Arbëri''. The change happened after the Ottoman conquest because of the conflict in the whole line of the political, social, economic, religious, and cultural spheres with a totally alien world of the Oriental type. A new and more generalised ethnic and linguistic consciousness of all these people responded to this.”〕〔Pinocacozza.it (Albanian) (Italian)〕〔Radio-Arberesh.eu (Italian)〕 At the end of 17th and beginning of the early 18th centuries, the placename ''Shqipëria'' and the ethnic demonym ''Shqiptarë'' gradually replaced ''Arbëria/Arbënia'' and ''Arbëresh/Arbënesh'' amongst Albanian speakers.〔 This was due to socio-political, cultural, economic and religious complexities that Albanians experienced during the Ottoman era.〔〔Kristo Frasheri. History of Albania (A Brief Overview). Tirana, 1964.〕 == Origin theories == The origin of the ethnic name ''Shqiptar'': * Gustav Meyer derived Shqiptar from the Albanian verbs ''shqipoj'' (to speak clearly) and ''shqiptoj'' (to speak out, pronounce), which are in turn derived from the Latin verb ''excipere'', denoting brethren who speak the Albanian language, similar to the ethno-linguistic dichotomies Sloven-Nemac and Deutsch-Wälsch.〔 This is the theory also sustained by Robert Elsie〔Robert Elsie, ''A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology and folk culture'', C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2001, ISBN 978-1-85065-570-1, p. 79.〕 and by Vladimir Orel. * Petar Skok suggested that the name originated from Scupi ((アルバニア語:Shkupi)), the capital of the Roman province of Dardania (today's Skopje).〔 According to Petar Skok Albanian demonym Shkuptar (as in inhabitant of Skopje) changed to Shkiptar, which is still used among Arvanitis Albanians in Greece, and later to Shqiptar. * Kristo Frashëri says that the ethnonym is derived from the Albanian word ''shqip'', who is first mentioned in the book Meshari of Gjon Buzuku (written in 1555), which originally meant to speak and understand the same language. From this word the term ''shqiptar'' was applied to all the Albanians, which means he who speaks and understand the Albanian language, argues Frashëri.〔Frashëri, Kristo. Etnogjeneza e shqiptarëve - Vështrim historik 2013〕 * The most accredited theory, at least among Albanians,〔https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/al.html〕 is that of Maximilian Lambertz, who derived the word from the Albanian noun ''shqipe'',or ''shqiponjë'' (eagle) who cognate with Latin ''(accipiter )'' (shqiptar), which, according to Albanian folk etymology, denoted a bird totem dating from the times of Skanderbeg, as displayed on the Albanian flag. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「shqiptar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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