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Shuddhi is Sanskrit for purification. In Hinduism it is a part of worship. It also sometimes refers to reverting to Hinduism after converting from Hinduism to another religion. ==Shuddhi movement== The socio-political movement, derived from ancient rite of ''shuddhikaran'',〔''Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923-1928'', by G. R. Thursby. Published by BRILL, 1975. ISBN 90-04-04380-2. ''Page 136''.〕 or purification was started by the Arya Samaj, and its founder Swami Dayanand Saraswati 〔(Dayanand and the Shuddhi Movement ) ''Indian Political Tradition'', by D.K Mohanty. Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 81-261-2033-9. ''Page 116''.〕 and his followers like Swami Shraddhanand, who also worked on the ''Sangathan'' consolidation aspect of Hinduism, in North India, especially Punjab in early 1900s, though it gradually spread across India.〔 Shuddhi had a social reform agenda behind its belligerent rationale and was aimed at abolishing the practise of untouchability by converting outcasts from other religions to Hinduism and integrating them into the mainstream community by elevating their position, and instilling self-confidence and self-determination in them.〔〔〔''The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India'', by Gail Minault. Published by Columbia University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-231-05072-0. ''Page 193''.〕 The movement strove to reduce the conversions of Hindus to Islam and Christianity, which were underway at the time.〔 In 1923, Swami Shraddhanand founded the 'Bhartiya Hindu Shuddhi Mahasabha' (Indian Hindu Purification Council) and pushed the agenda of reconversion peacefully, but ultimately created a flashpoint between Hindus and Muslims as it offended Muslim exceptionalists, who argued that Hindus, being dhimmis, do not have any rights to convert others to their faith unlike the Muslims, who are mumins. The main point of contention was the reconversion Malkana Rajputs in western United Province 〔''The Fundamentalism Project'', by Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Published by University of Chicago Press, 1991.ISBN 0226508781. ''Page 564''.〕 Subsequently the movement became controversial and antagonized the Muslims populace to no end 〔(untouchable assertion ) ''The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-century India'', by Nandini Gooptu. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-44366-0. ''Page 157''.〕 and also led to the death of the leader of the movement, Swami Shraddhanand in 1926. Post Swami Shraddhanand death this movement continued with similar missionary zeal.〔''Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India'', by William Gould. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-83061-3. ''Page 133''.〕 On 23 February 1928, many Catholic Gaudes in Goa were re-converted to Hinduism notwithstanding the opposition of the Church and the Portuguese government. This was carried out by a Hindu religious institution from Mumbai known as ''Masurashram'', the converts were given Hindu names, but the Portuguese government put impediments in their way to get legal sanction for their new Hindu names. 4851 Catholic Gaudes from Tiswadi, 2174 from Ponda, 250 from Bicholim and 329 from Sattari were re-converted to Hinduism after nearly 400 years. The total number of the converts to Hinduism was 7815. However, in Northern India this movement was not as active as it was in the start, mainly due to the efforts of Mirza Mahmood Ahmad, the Khalifa of the Ahmadiyya Islamic movement and Maulana Ilyas, a Muslim scholar 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「shuddhi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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