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Shva or, in Biblical Hebrew, Sh'wa () is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign written as two vertical dots "ְ" beneath a letter. In Modern Hebrew, it indicates either the phoneme or the complete absence of a vowel (Ø), whereas in Hebrew prescriptive linguistics, six grammatical entities are differentiated: the resting ''Shva'' (''(unicode:naḥ)'' / ), such as in the words שִׁמְעִי and כַּרְמִי ;〔''Maḥberet Kitrei Ha-Torah'' (ed. Yoav Pinhas Halevi), chapter 5, Benei Barak 1990, p. 22 (Hebrew)〕 the mobile ''Shva'' (''na'' / ), such as the ''Shva'' which appears at the beginning of words, which renders the vowel a mobile vowel, as in the Hebrew word "floating" (''(unicode:meraḥef)'' / ), or as in לְפָנָי (''lefanai'') or שְׁמַע (''shema'') ; or whenever a diacritical vertical line known as a ''(unicode:Ga'ya)'' / (lit. "bleating" or "bellowing") appears next to a ''Shva''. For example, in the words הַֽמְקַנֵּ֥א אַתָּ֖ה לִ֑י , the ''Shva'' beneath the Hebrew character ''mim'' becomes a mobile ''Shva'' because of the ''Ga'ya'' (small vertical line) beneath the Hebrew character ''he''.〔''Maḥberet Kitrei Ha-Torah'' (ed. Yoav Pinhas Halevi), chapter 5, Benei Barak 1990, pp. 22-23 (Hebrew)〕 In all these cases the ''Shva'' gives an audible sound to the letter, as in a short "a" or short "e", and is not mute. Likewise, whenever a ''Shva'' appears in the middle of a word and the letter has a diacritical point within it (''dagesh''), as in the ''pe'' of מִפְּנֵיכֶם , or in the ''qoph'' of מִקְּדָֿשׁ , they too will become a mobile ''Shva'' (''na'' / ),〔''Maḥberet Kitrei Ha-Torah'' (ed. Yoav Pinhas Halevi), chapter 5, Benei Barak 1990, p. 31 (Hebrew)〕 as will a word that that has two ''Shva''s written one after the other, as in the word רַעְמְסֵס , or in the word וישְׁמְעו , etc. the first ''Shva'' is resting (mute), while the second ''Shva'' is a mobile ''Shva''.〔''Maḥberet Kitrei Ha-Torah'' (ed. Yoav Pinhas Halevi), chapter 5, Benei Barak 1990, p. 22 (Hebrew)〕 Another instance of where the ''Shva'' becomes mobile is when it comes directly after a long vowel sound, such as the long vowel of either ''yod'' or ''ḥiríq'', as in יְחִֽידְֿךָ , giving it the sound of ''yeḥīdhəkha'', etc., or as in the long vowel of ''waw'' or ''ḥolam'', as in the words הוֹלְכִֿים, יוֹדְֿעִים and מוֹכְֿרִים, etc. (''hōləkhīm'', ''yōdəʻīm'' and ''mōkhərīm''), or as in the verse שֹׁפְטִים וְשֹׁטְרִים תִּתֶּן לְךָ , ''“shōfəṭīm wa-shōṭərīm titen ləkha.”'' In earlier forms of Hebrew, these entities were phonologically and phonetically distinguishable, but the two variants resulting from Modern Hebrew phonology no longer conform to the traditional classification, e.g. the (first) Shva Nach in the word (trans. "books of the Law") while it is correctly pronounced in Modern Hebrew , the "פ" (or "f"-sound) being mute, the Shva Na, or mobile ''Shva'' in ("time") in Modern Hebrew is often incorrectly pronounced as a mute ''Shva'' (). In religious contexts, however, scrupulous readers of the prayers and scriptures do still differentiate properly between Shva Nach and Shva Na (e.g. ''zĕman''). It is transliterated as "e", "(unicode:ĕ)", "(unicode:ə)", "'" (apostrophe), or nothing. Note that usage of "(unicode:ə)" for shva is questionable: transliterating modern Hebrew Shva Nach with (unicode:ə) or ' is misleading, since it is never actually pronounced – does not exist in modern Hebrew – moreover, the vowel is probably not characteristic of earlier pronunciations either (see Tiberian vocalization → Mobile Shwa = Shwa na'). A shva sign in combination with the vowel diacritics , segól and kamáts katán produces a (unicode:"ẖatáf"): a diacritic for a (unicode:"tnuʿá ẖatufá") (a "fleeting" or "furtive" vowel). ==Pronunciation in modern Hebrew== In Modern Hebrew, shva is either pronounced /e/ or is mute (Ø), regardless of its traditional classification as ''(unicode:shva naḥ)'' () or ''shva na'' (), see following table for examples. The Israeli standard for its transliteration〔 is only for a pronounced shva na (i.e., one which is pronounced ) and no representation in transliteration if the shva is mute. In Modern Hebrew, a shva is pronounced under the following conditions:〔"Characterization and Evaluation of Speech-Reading Support Systems for Hard-of-Hearing Students in the Class" by Becky Schocken; Faculty of Management, Tel-Aviv University, Department of Management and Economics, The Open University of Israel〕 ;Counterexamples *One exception to rule 2 seems to be מְלַאי "inventory"; the absence of a vowel after the מ () might be attributable to the high sonority of the subsequent liquid ל (), however compare with מְלִית (, not ) "filling (in cuisine)". * * Exceptions to rule 6 include פְּסַנְתְּרָן (, not – "pianist"), אַנְגְּלִית (, not – "English"), נַשְׁפְּרִיץ() (, not – "we will sprinkle"), several inflections of quinqueliteral roots – e.g.: סִנְכְּרֵן() (, not – "he synchronized"); חִנְטְרֵשׁ() (, not – "he did stupid things"); הִתְפְלַרְטֵט() (, not – "he had a flirt") – and several loanwords, e.g. מַנְטְרַה (, not – "mantra"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「shva」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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